Department of Management

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7th Annual Mid-Atlantic Strategy Colloquium and Doctoral Workshop
(Virginia Tech. Department of Management, 2013)
A program for the colloquium hosted by the Department of Management and held at The Inn at Virginia Tech on February 15-16, 2013.
Adapting Pink Time to promote self-regulated learning across course and student types
Baird, Timothy D.; Kniola, David J.; Hartter, Joel; Carlson, Kimberly; Rogers, Sarah; Russell, Don; Tise, Joseph (2020)
To explore new opportunities to promote self-regulated learning (SRL) across a variety of contexts, this study applies a novel assignment called Pink Time in seven different courses at two universities. The assignment asks students to “skip class, do anything you want, and give yourself a grade.” In each case, instructors adapted Pink Time to fit the needs of their course. Altogether, 165 students completed 270 self-directed projects and self-assessments targeting five component behaviors of SRL. Findings show that: (1) students were more likely to perceive success in certain behaviors of SRL than in others; (2) students’ perceptions across courses were similar for some behaviors but not others; and (3) subsequent iterations of the assignment supported higher perceived measures of some SRL behaviors but not others. Together these findings illustrate the value and flexibility of this progressive assignment as well as persistent challenges in supporting students’ SRL.
Class Slides for Fundamentals of Business fourth edition
Poff, Ron (2023)
Class slides for Fundamentals of Business, fourth edition (2023) are freely-available, screen-reader friendly, openly-licensed, and editable. The slides align with the freely-available open textbook, Fundamentals of Business, fourth edition, which was designed for use in Virginia Tech’s Pamplin College of Business introductory level business course, MGT1104 Foundations of Business. The collection includes chapter-level .ppt slides for chapters 1 - 8 and 10. The remaining chapter slidedecks will be added as they become available. The open textbook, Fundamentals of Business, fourth edition, is freely available in PDF, ePub, Pressbooks, and other formats at https://doi.org/10.21061/fundamentalsofbusiness4e An online, interactive, accessible version of this book is available at: https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/fundamentalsofbusiness4e. About the license Unless otherwise noted, the book, slides, and contents therein are licensed with a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike (CC BY NC-SA) 4.0 license (human readable version) | legal code, which allows anyone to remix, tweak, and build upon the work for uses which are primarily non-commercial. New works must acknowledge the original work and be non-commercial. Derivative versions must be licensed under the same CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. See Creative Commons' Best Practices for Attribution for further information. Help us! If you are an instructor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook and/or slides, please help us understand your use by filling out this form http://bit.ly/business-interest How to adapt and share the slides Instructors are encouraged to customize the slide deck by adding their own content and examples. According to the Creative Commons BY NC SA license, customized and shared versions of the slides must: - Retain the original copyright statement - Be released under the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY NC SA) 4.0 license - Include a link to the original slide deck source: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105157 - Include brief statement regarding whether or not changes were made - List the name of the adapter Find, adapt, and share resources Instructors are encouraged to share their versions and other resources created for this content area via the Instructor Resource Portal in OER Commons. Errata and error reporting http://bit.ly/business-feedback Accessibility Virginia Tech is committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. All figures within the slides have alternative text. Contributors Slide creation: Ron Poff Accessibility: Heather Blicher Figure design: Kindred Grey Project management: Anita Walz
Corporate entrepreneurship as a strategic approach for internal innovation performance
Tseng, Chien-Chi; Tseng, Cheng (2019-04-15)
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore corporate entrepreneurship and the relationship between intrapreneurship and the proposed strategic models through a literature review. This paper reviews the strategic approach for increasing internal innovation performance at corporations. Design/methodology/approach – Key words were identified to use in the literature search: corporate entrepreneurship, innovation performance and entrepreneurial environment. Then, all of the several electronic databases available in the university’s electronic library, including Harvard Business Review and The University of Chicago Press, as well as journals, books, Google Scholar and other institutional resources. Findings – The six innovative outcomes are motivating individuals to engage in innovative behavior, concentrating entrepreneurial ventures through a newly minted organization within a corporation, helping innovative-minded people to reach their full potential, rewarding a corporate entrepreneur, encouraging people to look at the organization from a broad perspective and educating employees about corporate entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications – The study was exploratory, based on a literature review. Further studies are needed using empirical research to examine why corporate entrepreneurship was attributed to be the strategic approach for internal innovation performance. Practical implications – By implementing the strategic approaches, corporate management professionals can realize their entrepreneurial intentions for the firm and maintain their responsibility to shareholders in terms of other business and development goals. Originality/value – The research constructs an input-process-output framework that minimizes external mergers and acquisitions and maximizes internal innovation performance. Value was created when corporate entrepreneurship was identified as a strategic approach for internal innovation performance.
COVID-19 and the importance of space in entrepreneurship research and policy
Korsgaard, Steffen; Hurt, Richard A.; Townsend, David M.; Ingstrup, Mads Bruun (2020-10-15)
Given the COVID-19 crisis, the importance of space in the global economic system has emerged as critical in a hitherto unprecedented way. Even as large-scale, globally operating digital platform enterprises find new ways to thrive in the midst of a crisis, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) nestled in local economies have proven to be fragile to shocks, causing countless local economies to unravel in the face of severe challenges to survival. Here, we discuss the role of entrepreneurship in re-building local economies that are more resilient. Specifically, we take a spatial perspective and highlight how the COVID-19 crisis has uncovered problems in the current tendency for thin contextualisation and promotion of globalisation. Based on this critique, we outline new perspectives for thinking about the relationship between entrepreneurship, resilience and local economies. Here, a particular emphasis is given to resilience building through deeply contextualised policies and research, localised flows of products and labour, and the diversification of local economies.
Cracks in the wall: Entrepreneurial action theory and the weakening presumption of intended rationality
Hunt, Richard A.; Lerner, Daniel A.; Johnson, Sheri L.; Badal, Sangeeta; Freeman, Michael A. (Elsevier, 2022-05)
Entrepreneurship scholarship finds itself in something of a quandary concerning rationality. While an increasingly large body of empirical work has found evidence of less-deliberative and even impulsive drivers of business venturing, the dominant theories of entrepreneurial action remain anchored to the assumption that intended rationality is a defining attribute of entrepreneurship. The growing schism between entrepreneurial action theory (EAT) on the one hand, and empirics and practice on the other hand, represents a consequential and exciting opportunity for the field to revisit its core assumptions regarding rationality, particularly the presence, role, and function of rational intentionality. In this study, we undertake a review and exploratory investigation of the assertion that without reasoned intentionality there is no entrepreneurship. Our work generates three important insights that contribute to rethinking key facets of the most prominent and influential EATs: alternative, non-rational pathways to business venturing exist with a non-ignorable prevalence; a proclivity towards reasoned intentionality is not invariably prescriptive; and, less-reasoned, less-deliberative tendencies do not constitute an entrepreneurial death sentence. Rather, entrepreneurs (including highly successful ones) embody a shifting blend of rational and non-rational proclivities, motivations, decisions, and actions.
Editorial Commentary
Devers, Cynthia E. (SAGE, 2023-10-26)
Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Technology Management Program at Virginia Tech: Nomination for USASBE 2022 Model Program Award
Tseng, Chien-Chi; Townsend, David M.; Poff, Ron (2022-01-07)
Fundamentals of Business
Skripak, Stephen J. (Virginia Tech, 2016-05)
Fundamentals of Business (2016) is an openly licensed (CC BY NC SA 3.0) textbook designed for use in Virginia Tech’s Pamplin College of Business introductory level business course, MGT1104 Foundations of Business. A new version of this book was released in August 2018. See http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84848 for more details. If you are an instructor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook, please help us understand a little more about your use by filling out this form http://bit.ly/business-interest. Share and find ancillary resources for this book at OER Commons. Questions? Comments? Did you adopt this book? Please contact the project manager at openeducation@vt.edu. A testbank is now available by request for this book. The testbank is available to any instructor who has adopted Fundamentals of Business in their course. This work is a project of University Libraries and the Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech. Lead: Stephen J. Skripak (adapter)
Contributors: Richard Parsons, Anastasia Cortes, Anita Walz
Layout: Anastasia Cortes
Selected graphics: Brian Craig http://bcraigdesign.com
Cover design: Trevor Finney
Student Reviewers: Jonathan De Pena, Nina Lindsay, Sachi Soni
Project Manager: Anita Walz Editable files are available in MSWord in the .zip folder. Please view the README.txt file within this zipped collection. Print-on-demand softcover versions of this work are available at the cost of manufacturing and shipping from Lulu Press: color | black & white. Selected graphics produced by Brian Craig are available CC BY 4.0 via WikimediaCommons. ISBN: (B&W): 978-0-9979201-1-6
ISBN: (Color): 978-0-9979201-0-9 Table of Contents
Preface: Teamwork in Business
Chapter 1: The Foundations of Business
Chapter 2: Economics and Business
Chapter 3: Ethics and Social Responsibility
Chapter 4: Business in a Global Environment
Chapter 5: Forms of Business Ownership
Chapter 6: Entrepreneurship: Starting a Business
Chapter 7: Management and Leadership
Chapter 8: Structuring Organizations
Chapter 9: Operations Management
Chapter 10: Motivating Employees
Chapter 11: Managing Human Resources
Chapter 12: Union/Management Issues
Chapter 13: Marketing: Providing Value to Customers
Chapter 14: Pricing Strategy
Chapter 15: Hospitality and Tourism
Chapter 16: Accounting and Financial Information
Chapter 17: Personal Finances To request access to the permissions files, please contact vtechworks@vt.edu.
Fundamentals of Business, Second Edition
Skripak, Stephen J.; Cortes, Anastasia; Walz, Anita R.; Parsons, Richard; Walton, Gary (VT Publishing, 2018-08-31)

Fundamentals of Business, Second Edition (2018) is an 372-page open education resource intended to serve as a no-cost, faculty customizable primary text for one-semester undergraduate introductory business courses. It covers the following topics in business: Teamwork; economics; ethics; entrepreneurship; business ownership, management, and leadership; organizational structures and operations management; human resources and motivating employees; managing in labor union contexts; marketing and pricing strategy; hospitality and tourism, accounting and finance, and personal finances. The textbook was designed for use in Virginia Tech’s Pamplin College of Business introductory level business course, MGT1104 Foundations of Business and is shared under a Creative Commons Non-Commercial ShareAlike 4.0 license. NOTE: A third edition of this book was released in 2020. See http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99283 for more details and to freely access the third edition. If you are an instructor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook, please help us understand your use by filling out this form http://bit.ly/business-interest. If you are an instructor seeking supplementary resources for teaching, please join the listserv for this book and the resource sharing portal. A testbank is now available by request for this book. The testbank is available to any instructor who has adopted Fundamentals of Business in their course. Permanent handle: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84848 (PDF, epub, and other versions)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/fundamentals-of-business-vtechworks (PDF, epub, and other versions)
Online book: https://oen.pressbooks.pub/fundamentalsofbusiness (eBook-Pressbooks)
ISBN (print-color): 9780997920178 Available on Amazon
ISBN (print-black & white): 9781949373981 Available on Amazon
ISBN (ebook-PDF): 9781949373905
ISBN (eBook-Pressbooks): 97809979201-3-0 Instructors reviewing, selecting or adapting the text are encouraged to register their use with VT Publishing at in order to stay up to date regarding new volumes and editions, supplements, newly issued print versions, errata, and collaborative development or research opportunities. You may submit comments or report errors using this form. Additional suggestions or feedback may be submitted via email at: publishing@vt.edu Errors, omissions, and additions This work is a project of the Pamplin College of Business and University Libraries at Virginia Tech. This work is published by VT Publishing. What’s new?
This version of the book, the second edition, improves upon the 2016 edition. Improvements include: - Correction of errata identified in the 2016 compilation and many minor improvements. - Renumbering of chapters and added front matter. - Addition of new content: the PESTEL model in Chapter 2, Qualtrax case study in Chapter 7, and substantive revision of Chapter 16 Hospitality and Tourism. - Addition of desktop and mobile friendly navigation features and interactive self-quizzing (Pressbooks version only). - Addition of links to related external videos. - Addition of a low-resolution version. - Addition of accessibility features. Accessible PDFs: Figures now include alternative text (AltText) which enables access by users of screen reader software. - Broader format availability: PDF, epub, mobi, html, PressbooksXML, and OpenDocument (ODF) which is unformatted text editable with MSWord. - Addition of a feedback form for reporting errata - Addition of a faculty listserv and sharing portal. - Errata and corrections made to the Pressbooks version. No changes made to other formats. Features of the book
Each chapter lists learning objectives at the beginning of the chapter and key takeaways at the end of the chapter. The Pressbooks version of this book also includes interactive self-quizzing. Editable files are available in HTML, Open Document, PressBooks XML, ePub, MOBI, and PDF. Selected graphics produced by Brian Craig are available CC BY 4.0 via WikimediaCommons. Table of contents
Chapter 1: Teamwork in Business
Chapter 2: The Foundations of Business
Chapter 3: Economics and Business
Chapter 4: Ethics and Social Responsibility
Chapter 5: Business in a Global Environment
Chapter 6: Forms of Business Ownership
Chapter 7: Entrepreneurship: Starting a Business
Chapter 8: Management and Leadership
Chapter 9: Structuring Organizations
Chapter 10: Operations Management
Chapter 11: Motivating Employees
Chapter 12: Managing Human Resources
Chapter 13: Union/Management Issues
Chapter 14: Marketing: Providing Value to Customers
Chapter 15: Pricing Strategy
Chapter 16: Hospitality and Tourism
Chapter 17: Accounting and Financial Information
Chapter 18: Personal Finances Suggested citation
Skripak, Stephen J. (2018). Fundamentals of Business, 2nd Edition, Blacksburg, VA: VT Publishing. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84848. Licensed with CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0. Contributors: Anastasia Cortes, Gary Walton, Richard Parsons, Anita Walz
Digital and print production: Corinne Guimont with Robert Browder
Alternative text and accessibility: Stephanie Edwards and Christa Miller
Selected graphics: Brian Craig
Cover design: Trevor Finney
Student reviewers: Jonathan De Pena, Nina Lindsay, Sachi Soni
Project manager / editor: Anita Walz About the author
About the Previous Author
Fundamentals of Business, 2nd edition is adapted from a work produced and distributed under a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution. We wish to extend our gratitude to the original author for portions of her book which were remixed and adapted to form portions of Chapters 1-15 and 17-18 of Fundamentals of Business. If the publisher and author are both willing to allow us to provide attribution to the author while retaining use of the Creative Commons license and continuing to provide free public access, we will gladly and publicly thank the original author here.

About Stephen Skripak
Stephen J. Skripak is Professor of Practice in Management at Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech and former Associate Dean for Graduate Programs (2006-2014). He is a senior executive with 25 years of business leadership experience, including positions as General Manager and Chief Financial Officer with divisions of Fortune 500 companies. His background includes financial services, consumer packaged goods, apparel, and industrial companies, with emphasis in turnaround situations.
General open and closed queueing networks with blocking: A unified framework for approximation
Vroblefski, Mark; Ramesh, R.; Zionts, Stanley (INFORMS, 2000)
In this paper, we develop a unified framework for approximating open and closed queueing networks under any general blocking protocol by extending and generalizing the approximation algorithm for open tandem queues under minimal blocking presented in Di Mascolo et al. (1996). The proposed framework is based on decomposition. We develop decomposition structures and analysis algorithms for any general blocking system using the framework. The proposed algorithms have been extensively tested using simulations as a benchmarking device. The results show that the proposed framework yields robust, reliable, and accurate estimates of system characteristics, such as throughput and Work-in-process inventory in a wide range of system configurations. The computational load is minimal. The unified framework presents a highly useful set of tools of analysis for queueing-system designers to use in evaluating the performance under numerous design alternatives. Directions for future research are presented, with a focus on critical application areas such as packet-switching-network design and cellular manufacturing.
How much does the firm's alliance network matter?
Kumar, Pankaj; Liu, Xiaojin; Zaheer, Akbar (Wiley, 2022-01-10)
Research Summary Extant empirical work partitioning the variance in firm (business segment) profitability has identified industry, corporate parent, business segment, and time as key sources. However, this variance decomposition research stream has treated firms as atomistic, autonomous entities. We employ a fast-unfolding community-detection algorithm to detect firms' network memberships and use the Shapley Value method to isolate the effect of the firm's alliance network, in addition to industry, corporate parent, business segment, and year effects, on the variance in business unit performance. Our findings demonstrate that the effect of the firm's alliance network explains 11% of the variance in firm ROA among 16,381 business segments from 1979 through 1996. We also extend the time period through 2018 and find that our results broadly hold. Managerial Summary In the search for superior firm performance, managers typically focus their attention externally on profitable industries in which to operate, as well as internally on their firms' idiosyncratic and valuable resources and capabilities. In addition to these profitability sources, our work suggests another important, but heretofore overlooked, factor in the managerial quest for competitive advantage: the value-creating potential of alliance networks. We employ a machine-learning algorithm to detect firms' network memberships. Our findings indicate that as much as 11% of the variance in firm profitability (ROA) is explained by the network of alliances of which the firm is a part. Our study also implies that the emphasis on networks continues to be relevant in a technology age in which industry boundaries are blurring.
How past trauma impacts emotional intelligence: Examining the connection
Gottfredson, Ryan K.; Becker, William J. (Frontiers, 2023-05)
Backed by both research and practice, the organizational psychology field has come to value emotional intelligence (EI) as being vital for leader and employee effectiveness. While this field values EI, it has paid little attention to the antecedents of emotional intelligence, leaving the EI domain without clarity on (1) why EI might vary across individuals, and (2) how to best develop EI. In this article, we rely on neuroscience and psychology research to make the case that past psychological trauma impacts later EI capabilities. Specifically, we present evidence that psychological trauma impairs the brain areas and functions that support EI. Establishing psychological trauma has valuable theoretical and practical implications that include providing an explanation of why EI might vary across individuals and providing a focus for improving EI: healing from past trauma. Further theoretical and practical implications for the field of organizational psychology are provided.
Killing Me Softly: Organizational E-mail Monitoring Expectations' Impact on Employee and Significant Other Well-Being
Becker, William J.; Belkin, Liuba Y.; Conroy, Samantha A.; Tuskey, Sarah (SAGE, 2019-12-12)
This paper tests the relationship between organizational expectations to monitor work-related electronic communication during nonwork hours and the health and relationship satisfaction of employees and their significant others. We integrate resource-based theories with research on interruptions to position organizational expectations for e-mail monitoring (OEEM) during nonwork time as a psychological stressor that elicits anxiety due to employee attention allocation conflict. E-mail–triggered anxiety, in turn, negatively affects the health and relationship quality of employees and their significant others. We conducted three studies to test our propositions. Using the experience sampling method with 108 working U.S. adults, Study 1 established within-employee effects of OEEM on anxiety, employee health, and relationship conflict. Study 2 used a sample of 138 dyads of full-time employees and their significant others to replicate detrimental health and relationship effects of OEEM through anxiety. It also showed crossover effects of OEEM on partner health and relationship satisfaction. Finally, Study 3 employed a two-wave data collection method with an online sample of 162 U.S. working adults to provide additional support for the OEEM construct as a distinct and reliable job stressor and replicated findings from Studies 1 and 2. Taken together, our research extends the literature on work-related electronic communication at the interface of work and nonwork boundaries, deepening our understanding of the impact of OEEM on employees and their families’ health and well-being.
Local Reasons to Give Globally: Identity Extension and Global Cooperation
Buchan, Nancy R.; Jeong, Sophia Soyoung; Ward Bartlett, Anna Katherine (Springer Nature, 2017-11-14)
Recent political events across the world suggest a retrenchment from globalization and a possible increase in parochialism. This inward-looking threat from parochialism occurs just as the global community faces growing challenges that require trans-national cooperation. In this research, we question if strong identification with an in-group necessarily leads to parochialism and ultimately is detrimental to global cooperation. Building on research on global social identification, we explore whether strong local identification can expand in inclusiveness to global identification, and among whom this is likely to happen. The results of our global public goods study - conducted in South Korea and the United States - show that high levels of social identification with a local group can extend to the global collective, particularly for individuals who are also high in concern-for-others. Furthermore, this identification translates into behavior that benefits the global, anonymous group at a cost to oneself. These results shed light on how to avoid the trap of parochialism and instead engender cooperative behavior with the broader global community.
Nuances in the Interplay of Competition and Cooperation: Towards a Theory of Coopetition
Gnyawali, Devi R.; Charleton, Tadhg Ryan (SAGE, 2018-09-01)
Progress in coopetition research is impeded by two problems in the literature: (a) superficial conceptualization of simultaneity and outcomes and (b) lack of theorizing about core properties of coopetition and how they influence outcomes. This paper addresses these interrelated problems and charts a path towards a theory of coopetition. We systematically analyze competition and cooperation and illuminate how the interplay between specific aspects of competition and cooperation manifests through unique coopetition mechanisms. We explicate a range of possible outcomes from coopetition—joint value creation for all firms, value creation for individual firms, and value destruction—and suggest that coopetition mechanisms help explain how and why coopetition may lead to varying outcomes. Furthermore, we explain how effective navigation of simultaneity and value creation intent, two fundamental elements of coopetition, may be instrumental in deriving beneficial outcomes. Navigating simultaneity involves balancing competition and cooperation and maintaining both at moderately strong levels, and navigating value creation consists of managing the trade-off between joint value creation and firm value creation without compromising overall value creation. By explaining how coopetition manifests, what its unique underlying properties are, and how such properties influence outcomes, our paper provides a deeper understanding of the phenomenon and progresses the literature towards a theory of coopetition.
The PESTEL Model
Duong, Alyssa (2019-02-16)
This video was created by Alyssa Duong for the Pamplin College of Business 2018 "Fundamentals of Business" video contest. It covers the sectors that make of the six macro environmental influences within the PESTEL model. Viewers can expect to learn what these macro environmental influences consist of and encompass by watching the video. The video was designed for student use in with the open textbook, "Fundamentals of Business," which can be found at: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84848
Preference-driven biases in decision makers’ information search and evaluation
Chaxel, Anne-Sophie; Russo, J. Edward; Kerimi, Neda (Society for Judgment and Decision Making (SJDM) and the European Association for Decision Making (EADM), 2013-09)
While it is well established that the search for information after a decision is biased toward supporting that decision, the case of preference-supporting search before the decision remains open. Three studies of consumer choices consistently found a complete absence of a pre-choice bias toward searching for preference-supporting information. The absence of this confirming search bias occurred for products that were both hedonic and utilitarian, both expensive and inexpensive, and both high and low in expected brand loyalty. Experiment 3 also verified the presence of the expected post-choice search bias to support the chosen alternative. Therefore the absence of a pre-choice search bias in all three studies was not likely to be due to our using a method that was so insensitive that a search bias would not be observed under any circumstances. In addition to the absence of an effect of prior preferences on information selection, subjects’ self-reported search strategies exhibited a clear tendency toward a balance of positive and negative information. Across the three studies, we also tested for the presence of a preference-supporting bias in the evaluation of the information acquired in the search process. This evaluation bias was found both pre- and post-choice.
Public announcements of employee recognitions from customers and customer satisfaction: Longitudinal effects in the healthcare context
Arthur, Jeffrey B. (Elsevier, 2023-03)
This study examines the impact of periodic public announcements of customers’ employee recognitions from a non-monetary employee recognition program on subsequent changes in the number of customers’ employee recognitions and customer satisfaction. Recognized employee customer-oriented behaviors (COB) include helping and comforting patients that go “above and beyond” frontline caregivers’ expected role behaviors. Theory-based hypotheses on the antecedents and consequences of monthly variation in the number of publicly announced COB recognitions are developed by integrating theory and research on determinants of employees’ prosocial behavior, incentive-based rewards, and social dynamics found in social cognitive theory. I find that the number of publicly announced recognitions in one period is positively related to the number of recognitions in the following period. Further, I find a non-linear S-shaped relationship between the number of publicly announced recognitions and average patient satisfaction scores that varies depending on the number of publicly announced recognitions each month.
Red Giants or Black Holes? The Antecedent Conditions and Multi-Level Impacts of Star Performers
Asgari, Elham; Hunt, Richard A.; Lerner, Daniel A.; Townsend, David M.; Hayward, Mathew L. A.; Kiefer, Kip (Academy of Management, 2020-10-29)
High-achieving employees, the “stars” of an organization, are widely credited with producing indispensable, irreplaceable, value-enhancing contributions. From the recruitment of celebrity CEOs to the fierce competition for star scientists, and from lucrative contracts for sports icons to out-sized bonuses for top salespeople, human capital strategies have long promoted the importance of star performers. Sixty years of research on stars has witnessed a wide array of contexts, levels of analysis, and sub-dimensions, much of which is focused on the accomplishments of these alphatail individuals. More recently, however, scholars have begun to draw varied conclusions regarding both the favorable and unfavorable impacts of star performers, leading to a balkanization of the perspectives comprising the stream. Our review of the multi-disciplinary work on stars synthesizes disparate studies, settles definitional problems, and integrates complementary factors into a coherent formative construct. Through this, we foster the development of a research agenda concerning the manner in which star performers are, by their very nature, simultaneously red giants and black holes, the precise balance of which is fertile soil for future inquiry.

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