Scholarly Works, School of Animal Sciences

Permanent URI for this collection

https://hdl.handle.net/10919/111087

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 656

Heat stress alters hematological parameters in barrows and gilts
Rudolph, Tori E.; Roths, Melissa; Freestone, Alyssa D.; White-Springer, Sarah H.; Rhoads, Robert P.; Baumgard, Lance H.; Selsby, Joshua T. (Oxford University Press, 2024-01-03)
The purpose of this investigation was to establish the role biological sex plays in circulating factors following heat stress (HS). Barrows and gilts (36.8 +/- 3.7 kg body weight) were kept in either thermoneutral (TN; 20.8 +/- 1.6 degrees C; 62.0% +/- 4.7% relative humidity; n = 8/sex) conditions or exposed to HS (39.4 +/- 0.6 degrees C; 33.7% +/- 6.3% relative humidity) for either 1 (HS1; n = 8/sex) or 7 (HS7; n = 8/sex) d. Circulating glucose decreased as a main effect of the environment (P = 0.03). Circulating non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) had an environment x sex interaction (P < 0.01) as HS1 barrows had increased NEFA compared to HS1 gilts (P = 0.01) and NEFA from HS7 gilts increased compared to HS1 gilts (P = 0.02) and HS7 barrows (P = 0.04). Cortisol, insulin, glucagon, T3, and T4 were reduced as a main effect of environment (P <= 0.01). Creatinine was increased in HS1 and HS7 animals compared to TN (P <= 0.01), indicative of decreased glomerular filtration rate. White blood cell populations exhibited differential patterns based on sex and time. Neutrophils and lymphocytes had an environment x sex interaction (P <= 0.05) as circulating neutrophils were increased in HS1 barrows compared to TN and HS7 barrows, and HS1 gilts (P <= 0.01) and HS7 barrows had less neutrophils compared to TN barrows (P = 0.01), whereas they remained similar in gilts. In contrast, barrow lymphocyte numbers were similar between groups, but in HS7 gilts they were decreased compared to TN and HS1 gilts (P <= 0.04). In total, these data demonstrate that HS alters a host of circulating factors and that biological sex mediates, at least in part, the physiological response to HS.
Peripartal supplementation of a blend of postbiotics and essential oil compounds influences ruminal fermentation while improving feed intake and milk production in transition dairy cows [Supplemental material]
Begalli, Gustavo; Maldonado, Laura; de Oliveira, Victor Augusto; Souza Lima, Ana Flavia; Minuti, Andrea; Trevisi, Erminio; Halfen, Jessica; Fernandes, Tatiane; Yoon, Ilkyu; Osorio, Johan (2025-11)
Multiple administrations of bovine-appeasing substance during a 42-d preconditioning program followed by feedlot receiving and its effects on physiologic, health, and performance responses of feeder cattle
Kvamme, Keenan; Marques, Rodrigo S.; Cruz, Vinicius Alves; Cintra, Arnaldo Limede; Ogg, Makayla Anne; McCoski, Sarah R.; Posbergh, Christian J.; Bradbery, Amanda N.; Mercadante, Vitor R. G.; Mackey, Shea J.; Pickett, Autumn T.; Cooke, Reinaldo F. (Oxford University Press, 2024-06-19)
This experiment evaluated the effects of multiple bovine-appeasing substance (BAS) administration during a 42-d preconditioning program followed by a feedlot receiving period on productivity, health, and physiological variables of feeder cattle. Ninety calves were weaned, weighed, loaded into a livestock trailer, transported for 70 km, and unloaded at the Bozeman Agricultural Research and Teaching Farm for a 42-d preconditioning program. Upon arrival, calf body weight (BW) was recorded again, and both pre- and post-transport BWs were averaged and used as calf weaning initial BW. Calves were ranked by BW, sex, and age in a completely randomized design and assigned to receive 1) multiple administrations of BAS at weaning (day 0), days 14, 28, and before transport and feedlot entry (day 42; BAS; RSEA Group, Quartier Salignan, France; n = 9 pens/treatment), or 2) placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 9 pens/treatment). Treatments (5 mL) were applied to the nuchal skin area of each animal during the preconditioning period. Calves within treatment groups were ranked again by initial BW, sex, and age, in a manner that pens have similar initial BW, age, and three steers and two heifers and allocated to 1 of the18 drylot pens. On day 42, calves were combined within the treatment group, loaded into two different single double-deck commercial livestock trailers, and transported for 1,000 km (approximately 16 h). Upon arrival (day 43), calves were unloaded at the same feedyard. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 43, 46, 50, 57, 64, and 90. Average daily gain, final BW, and feed efficiency did not differ (P > 0.52) between BAS and CON calves in the preconditioning and receiving phases. A treatment x day interaction was detected (P < 0.001) for plasma haptoglobin concentrations, which was greater (P < 0.01) in CON on days 3 and 7 vs. BAS calves. During the preconditioning phase, serum NEFA concentration was reduced (P < 0.01) in BAS on day 3 compared with CON calves. A treatment x day interaction was detected (P = 0.001) for exit velocity, which was greater (P < 0.001) for CON vs. BAS calves on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 during the preconditioning phase and on day 46 of the receiving phase. Therefore, Applications of BAS reduced immunological responses and exit velocity associated with stress caused by management practices, but did not improve performance during the preconditioning and receiving phases.
Natural variation in LONELY GUY-Like 1 regulates rice grain weight under warmer night conditions
Sandhu, Jaspreet; Irvin, Larissa; Chandaran, Anil Kumar; Oguro, Shohei; Paul, Puneet; Dhatt, Balpreet; Hussain, Waseem; Cunningham, Shannon S.; Quinones, Cherryl O.; Lorence, Argelia; Adviento-Borbe, Maria Arlene; Staswick, Paul; Morota, Gota; Walia, Harkamal (Oxford University Press, 2024-06-14)
Global nighttime temperatures are rising at twice the rate of daytime temperatures and pose a challenge for rice (Oryza sativa) production. High nighttime temperature (HNT) stress affects rice yield by reducing grain weight, size, and fertility. Although the genes associated with these yield parameters have been identified and characterized under normal temperatures, the genetic basis of grain weight regulation under HNT stress remains less explored. We examined the natural variation for rice single grain weight (SGW) under HNT stress imposed during grain development. A genome-wide association analysis identified several loci associated with grain weight under HNT stress. A locus, SGW1, specific to HNT conditions resolved to LONELY GUY-Like 1 (LOGL1), which encodes a putative cytokinin-activation enzyme. We demonstrated that LOGL1 contributes to allelic variation at SGW1. Accessions with lower LOGL1 transcript abundance had higher grain weight under HNT. This was supported by the higher grain weight of logl1-mutants relative to the wild type under HNT. Compared to logl1-mutants, LOGL1 over-expressers showed increased sensitivity to HNT. We showed that LOGL1 regulates the thiamin biosynthesis pathway, which is under circadian regulation, which in turn is likely perturbed by HNT stress. These findings provide a genetic source to enhance rice adaptation to warming night temperatures and improve our mechanistic understanding of HNT stress tolerance pathways. Allelic variation in LOGL1 regulates grain weight under high night temperature during reproductive development in rice.
Therapeutic effects of mitoquinol during an acute heat stress challenge in growing barrows
Mayorga, Edith J.; Horst, Erin A.; Goetz, Brady M.; Rodriguez-Jimenez, Sonia; Abeyta, Megan A.; Al-Qaisi, Mohmmad; Rhoads, Robert P.; Selsby, Joshua T.; Baumgard, Lance H. (Oxford University Press, 2024-06-27)
Study objectives were to determine the effects of mitoquinol (MitoQ, a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant) on biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation during acute heat stress (HS). Crossbred barrows [n = 32; 59.0 +/- 5.6 kg body weight (BW)] were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 environmental-therapeutic treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n = 8; TNCon), 2) TN and MitoQ (n = 8; TNMitoQ), 3) HS control (n = 8; HSCon), or 4) HS and MitoQ (n = 8; HSMitoQ). Pigs were acclimated for 6 d to individual pens before study initiation. The trial consisted of two experimental periods (P). During P1 (2 d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (20.6 +/- 0.8 degrees C). During P2 (24 h), HSCon and HSMitoQ pigs were exposed to continuous HS (35.2 +/- 0.2 degrees C), while TNCon and TNMitoQ remained in TN conditions. MitoQ (40 mg/d) was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 hours) during P1 and P2. Pigs exposed to HS had increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate (+1.5 degrees C, +6.8 degrees C, and +101 breaths per minute, respectively; P < 0.01) compared to their TN counterparts. Acute HS markedly decreased feed intake (FI; 67%; P < 0.01); however, FI tended to be increased in HSMitoQ relative to HSCon pigs (1.5 kg vs. 0.9 kg, respectively; P = 0.08). Heat-stressed pigs lost BW compared to their TN counterparts (-4.7 kg vs. +1.6 kg, respectively; P < 0.01); however, the reduction in BW was attenuated in HSMitoQ compared to HSCon pigs (-3.9 kg vs. -5.5 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Total gastrointestinal tract weight (empty tissue and luminal contents) was decreased in HS pigs relative to their TN counterparts (6.2 kg vs. 8.6 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Blood glucose increased in HSMitoQ relative to HSCon pigs (15%; P = 0.04). Circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased in HS compared to TN pigs (P < 0.01), although this difference was disproportionately influenced by elevated NEFA in HSCon relative to HSMitoQ pigs (251 mu Eq/L vs. 142 mu Eq/L; P < 0.01). Heat-stressed pigs had decreased circulating insulin relative to their TN counterparts (47%; P = 0.04); however, the insulin:FI ratio tended to increase in HS relative to TN pigs (P = 0.09). Overall, circulating leukocytes were similar across treatments (P > 0.10). Plasma C-reactive protein remained similar among treatments; however, haptoglobin increased in HS relative to TN pigs (48%; P = 0.03). In conclusion, acute HS exposure negatively altered animal performance, inflammation, and metabolism, which were partially ameliorated by MitoQ.
Astrocytes require perineuronal nets to maintain synaptic homeostasis in mice
Tewari, Bhanu P.; Woo, AnnaLin M.; Prim, Courtney E.; Chaunsali, Lata; Patel, Dipan C.; Kimbrough, Ian F.; Engel, Kaliroi; Browning, Jack L.; Campbell, Susan L.; Sontheimer, Harald (Nature Portfolio, 2024-08-01)
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are densely packed extracellular matrices that cover the cell body of fast-spiking inhibitory neurons. PNNs stabilize synapses inhibiting synaptic plasticity. Here we show that synaptic terminals of fast-spiking interneurons localize to holes in the PNNs in the adult mouse somatosensory cortex. Approximately 95% of holes in the PNNs contain synapses and astrocytic processes expressing Kir4.1, glutamate and GABA transporters. Hence, holes in the PNNs contain tripartite synapses. In the adult mouse brain, PNN degradation causes an expanded astrocytic coverage of the neuronal somata without altering the axon terminals. The loss of PNNs impairs astrocytic transmitter and potassium uptake, resulting in the spillage of glutamate into the extrasynaptic space. Our data show that PNNs and astrocytes cooperate to contain synaptically released signals in physiological conditions. Their combined action is altered in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy where PNNs are disrupted. Perineuronal nets stabilize synapses inhibiting synaptic plasticity. Here, the authors show that perineuronal nets act as a diffusion barrier facilitating astrocytic clearance of synaptically released ions and neurotransmitters.
Age-related dysregulation of proteasome-independent K63 polyubiquitination in the hippocampus and amygdala
Bae, Yeeun; Venkat, Harshini; Preveza, Natalie; Ray, W. Keith; Helm, Richard F.; Jarome, Timothy J. (Pergamon-Elsevier, 2025-08-06)
Cognitive decline with aging is a complex process involving multiple brain regions and molecular mechanisms. While the role of the canonical protein degradation function of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) has been well studied in the context of aging and age-associated memory loss, the non-proteolytic functions of ubiquitin activity remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of lysine-63 (K63) polyubiquitination, the most abundant form of proteasome-independent ubiquitination, in aged rats, focusing on the hippocampus and amygdala, two brain regions reported to have cellular and molecular alterations with age that are associated with age-related memory loss. Using an unbiased proteomic approach, we observed a significant increase of K63 polyubiquitination in the hippocampus across the lifespan. Reducing K63 polyubiquitination in the hippocampus of aged male rats using the CRISPR-dCas13 RNA editing system enhanced contextual fear memory, while similar manipulations in middle-aged rats, which typically have normal memory, had no effect, emphasizing the age-dependent role of K63 polyubiquitination in memory formation. Conversely, the amygdala showed a consistent reduction of K63 polyubiquitination protein targets across the lifespan, and further reductions of K63 polyubiquitination improved memory retention in aged, but not middle-aged, male rats. Together, our findings reveal the dynamic and region-specific functions of K63 polyubiquitination in the brain aging process, providing novel insights into its contribution to age-associated memory decline.
Increased DNA methylation of Igf2 in the male hippocampus regulates age-related deficits in synaptic plasticity and memory
Kincaid, Shannon; Stickling, Courtney P.; Farrell, Kayla; Bae, Yeeun; Patrick, Morgan B.; Bhanot, Gitali; Cummings, Adam; Abraham, Jennifer; Alisesky, Abby; Ferrara, Nicole; Rosenkranz, J. Amiel; Jarome, Timothy J. (Elsevier, 2025-10-01)
The aging process is characterized by a general decline in cognitive abilities, which affects nearly 33 % of U.S. adults over the age of 70 and is a risk factor for the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Numerous studies have reported increased neuroinflammation and impaired synaptic plasticity and memory with age in the hippocampus, a major brain region involved in the formation and storage of most memories. However, much remains unknown about the mechanisms that contribute to age-related deficits in synaptic plasticity and memory. The Insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) is a genomic imprinted gene that is expressed from a single allele in all species. Though IGF2 has been shown to be important in development, synaptic plasticity, and memory formation in the hippocampus and administration of IGF2 can improve memory late in life, whether changes in regulation of this gene contribute to age-related memory decline have yet to be explored. Here, we show that aged (24 months) male rats have increased CpG-site specific promoter methylation and reduced expression of Igf2 in the hippocampus relative to young adult (3 months) and middle-aged (12 months) rats. Importantly, CRISPR-dCas9 mediated increase of DNA 5-hydroxymethylation, an active transcriptional mark, of the Igf2 promoter in the hippocampus improved memory and long-term potentiation in aged, but not middle-aged, rats. These data indicate that increased DNA methylation of Igf2 in the hippocampus contributes to age-related deficits in synaptic plasticity and memory.
Adding gastrointestinal parasite resistance to the breeding objective in hair sheep: initial steps
Forbes, Robert M.; Murphy, Thomas W.; Burke, Joan M.; Notter, David R.; Spangler, Matthew L.; MacNeil, Michael D.; Lewis, Ronald M. (Oxford University Press, 2024-11-19)
Gastrointestinal parasite resistance is a heritable trait important to breeders of hair sheep. However, the U.S. Maternal Hair Index, provided by the National Sheep Improvement Program, omits parasite resistance. Selection indexes were designed in this study to continue improving total weight of lamb weaned per ewe lambing (TW), the current goal, and reduce postweaning fecal egg count (PFEC), an indicator of parasite resistance. These indexes placed varying emphasis on PFEC relative to TW. Annual genetic gains in TW and PFEC were predicted. Measurements for the traits used to construct the indexes were simulated to compare selection decisions-the number of rams and ewes chosen in common-between the current and the alternative indexes. Placing 79% of the selection emphasis on TW, and thereby 21% on PFEC, appeared preferable. With this balance, genetic gains in TW were reduced by only 2% relative to the current index, while PFEC was reduced favorably by as much as 8%. Additionally, over 60% of the males and 80% of the females were chosen in common between the current index and the proposed index including PFEC. Parasite resistance, therefore, can be incorporated as another selection criterion, with a positive impact on the productivity and fitness of hair sheep.
Estimates of optimal supplies of animal-sourced foods differ by food system goal and socioeconomic context
White, Robin R.; Hall, Mary Beth (National Academy of Sciences, 2024-12-10)
Reduced consumption of animal- sourced food (ASF) has been recommended for environmental and human health objectives; however, ASF can be important for food security and diet affordability. We explored country- level relationships among various metrics of food supply, socioeconomic context, food security, diet affordability, and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) to characterize how optimal inclusion ranges for ASF vary with socioeconomic factors and food system goals. Data from 2015 to 2022 for 153 countries were sourced to generate Bayesian Networks representing relationships among the studied food system metrics. Networks were used in simulations to characterize optimal ASF inclusion to achieve environmental, food security, or diet affordability goals based on individual country data. Results are most appropriately interpreted in aggregate rather than as representations of specific countries due in large part to data limitations. Across countries simulated, median total ASF inclusion in the food supply to support food security, GHGe, or affordability objectives was 18.2% +/- 12.1%, 11.9% +/- 6.8%, and 17.6% +/- 8.5%, respectively. Joint optimization for these goals resulted in median ASF inclusion of 15.1% +/- 7.2%, with notable regional differences. Although ASF increases were supported in most developing regions, decreases were supported in developed countries. The reported SD in optimal ASF inclusion were considerable, and represented between- country variation. Empirical relationships of food categories to goals consistently favored dairy and egg products over meats. These results support previous literature highlighting the environmental intensity of ASF, but also indicate that moderate ASF supplies contribute to multiple food system goals simultaneously.
Effect of Supplemental Trace Mineral Source on Haircoat and Hair Loss in Adult Cats
Amundson, Laura A.; Millican, Allison A.; Cornelison, Alyssa S.; McGilliard, Michael L.; Matti, Taryn (MDPI, 2025-09-11)
Trace minerals (TMs) are pivotal for skin health and haircoat quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of organic TMs, in the form of lysine and glutamic acid-complexed TMs (Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe), on feline hair growth and haircoat characteristics. Cats (mean 8.4 yr) were fed a Control diet (inorganic TM, sulfates) for 15 days before being assigned to treatment diets for 90 days. Treatments were Control (n = 20) or lysine and glutamic acid-complexed TM (Zinpro Corp. Eden Prairie, MN, USA) sources (TMC-LG; n = 20), formulated at iso-levels (100 ppm Zn, 15 ppm Mn, 12 ppm Cu, 80 ppm Fe). At the beginning of the test period (day 0), an area was shaved to evaluate hair growth on days 45 and 90, in addition to haircoat characteristics and hair loss. At day 45 (diet × day, p = 0.02), cats fed TMC-LG tended to have 0.023 g less shed hair compared to Control cats (p = 0.08). Similarly, dander scores differed at day 45 (diet × day, p = 0.02), with TMC-LG (0.66) cats having more favorable scores compared to Control (1.05; p = 0.03). There were no significant differences between treatments at day 90. Cats fed TMC-LG had a transient improvement in hair loss and dander scores at day 45 compared to the Control over the 90-day trial.
The Effects of Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue on the Production and Reproductive Performance Parameters of Beef Cattle and Calves
Taylor, Amber A.; Fike, John H.; Mercadante, Vitor R. G.; Pent, Gabriel J. (MDPI, 2025-07-15)
Records from 2012 to 2019 for two herds were analyzed to determine how tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumont) endophyte (Epichloë coenophialum) status affected the productivity of spring-calving cows and calves. Pastures either contained tall fescue with wildtype endophyte (high levels of ergot alkaloids) or novel- or endophyte-free tall fescue (largely ergot alkaloid free). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with year as the replication unit. Forage samples from the farm with toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue contained 1136 ± 413 ppb total ergot alkaloids, while forage from the non-toxic pastures on the second farm contained 118 ± 83 ppb total ergot alkaloids. Artificial insemination pregnancy rates and calving rates were greater (p < 0.05) for cows that grazed non-toxic tall fescue (51.2 ± 2.8% and 93.5 ± 1.4%, respectively) than for cows on toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue (43.3 ± 2.8% and 88.8 ± 1.4%, respectively). Birth weights and weaning weights were greater (p < 0.05) for calves from the non-toxic tall fescue system (37 ± 1 kg and 278 ± 8 kg, respectively) than for calves from the toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue system (33 ± 1 kg and 254 ± 8 kg, respectively). Raising cattle on tall fescue without the toxic endophyte improved cow and calf productivity.
Productivity, Fermentation Parameters, and Chemical Composition of Silages from Biomass Sorghum Hybrids in Ratoon Crop
Silva, Yara América da; Orrico Junior, Marco Antonio Previdelli; Retore, Marciana; Ceccon, Gessí; Amaral, Isabele Paola de Oliveira; Orrico, Ana Carolina Amorim; Muglia, Giuliano Reis Pereira; Fernandes, Tatiane (MDPI, 2025-09-18)
Biomass sorghum stands out for its high dry matter yield and ratooning ability, enabling additional harvests and silage production. This study evaluated the productive potential and fermentation quality of silages from ratoon biomass sorghum hybrids. A 5 × 2 factorial randomized block design was used, with five hybrids (CMSXS5039, CMSXS5044, CMSXS7102, CMSXS7103, and BRS 716) grown in two municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Dourados and Jateí). Dry matter production (DMP) did not differ (p > 0.05) among the hybrids within each municipality; however, overall yield was higher in Jateí, averaging 12 t DM/ha. In Dourados, CMSXS5039 and CMSXS5044 showed the highest lactic acid concentrations (46.71 and 59.73 g/kg DM), whereas in Jateí, CMSXS7102, CMSXS7103, and BRS 716 stood out (45.70, 44.78, and 40.77 g/kg DM, respectively), among the sites, Jateí had the greater lactic acid production (49.95 g/kg DM). Aerobic stability (AS) averaged 28.5 h, with higher values in Dourados (p < 0.05), about 16 h longer than in Jateí. BRS 716 and CMSXS5044 presented the highest crude protein contents (115.17 and 118.33 g/kg DM). CMSXS5039 grown in Jateí had the lowest neutral detergent fiber and the highest starch and non-fiber carbohydrate values. Biomass sorghum hybrids exhibited good yield potential and good silage quality even under low rainfall conditions, with CMSXS5039 best suited for more energetic diets and BRS 716 and CMSXS5044 for more proteic diets.
Principal components-based selection criteria for genetic improvement of growth in sheep breeding programs
Mandal, Ajoy; Gayari, Indrajit; Lalhmingmawii, Sylvia; Notter, David R.; Baneh, Hasan (2025-09-25)
Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the use of principal components (PC) as potential selection criteria to improve growth in sheep. The PC were derived from body weights of 2223 Muzaffarnagari lambs at birth, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days of age. Univariate animal models including various combinations of direct and maternal effects were fitted to the PC. Genetic correlations among PC and with body weights and estimated growth curve parameters for the Brody and Richards functions were estimated using bivariate animal models. Results: The first three PC explained 94% of multivariate variation in body weights. PC1 contrasted lambs with larger versus smaller body weights at all postnatal ages. PC2 contrasted lambs with heavier versus lighter birth weights, with little emphasis on postnatal weights. PC3 placed positive emphasis on weights at birth and after 6 months of age but negative emphasis on weight at 3 through 9 months of age. Direct heritabilities for PC1, PC2, and PC3 were 0.19, 0.12 and 0.08, respectively. Maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects affected PC1 (0.04 and 0.08, respectively). PC2 was influenced by maternal genetic effects (0.10). Direct genetic correlations of PC1 with PC2 and PC3 were 0.48 and 0.72. The maternal genetic correlation between PC1 and PC2 was 0.97. Genetic relationships of PC1 with yearling weight and with estimates of final body weight from both growth functions exceeded 0.65. PC2 was genetically correlated with birth weight (≥ 0.64) and degree of maturity for body weight at birth (u0; ≥ 0.83). PC3 had negative genetic correlations with measures of maturing rate (~ -0.86) and with u0 ( -0.52 and -0.49), but positive correlations with final body weight (0.85 and 0.90) and time required to reach 50% of mature weight (0.83). Maternal genetic correlations of PC1 and PC2 with birth weight and u0 exceeded 0.83. Conclusions: We conclude that PC could be used as selection criteria in genetic improvement programs in sheep. Also, selection on PC1 and PC2 would likely be adequate to describe and improve direct and maternal genetic potentials for postnatal growth and birth weight, respectively, in Muzaffarnagari lambs.
Prepartal liver glutathione and its association with lactation performance, metabolism, and health outcomes in transition dairy cows [Supplemental materials]
Souza Lima, Ana Flavia; de Oliveira, Maria Helena; Begalli, Gustavo; Grazziotin, Rodrigo; Halfen, Jessica; Trevisi, Erminio; Osorio, Johan (2025-09)
Modulating Fermentation in Total Mixed Ration Silages Using Lasalocid Sodium and Essential Oils
Amaral, Isabele Paola de Oliveira; de Oliveira, Mariany Felex; Junior, Marco Antonio Previdelli Orrico; Retore, Marciana; Fernandes, Tatiane; da Silva, Yara América; Orrico, Ana Carolina Amorim; de Andrade, Ronnie Coêlho; Muglia, Giuliano Reis Pereira (MDPI, 2025-08-15)
This study evaluated the effects of lasalocid sodium (LASA) and essential oils on the fermentation and nutritional quality of total mixed ration (TMR) silages. A 4 × 2 factorial design tested four additives—a control (distilled water), LASA (375 mg/kg DM), limonene essential oil (LEO), and a blend of cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol (EOB), both at 400 mg/kg DM—during summer and autumn. The TMRs were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of lactating cows producing 20 kg of milk per day. After 110 days of ensiling, silages were analyzed for fermentation losses, pH, short-chain fatty acids, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃-N), aerobic stability (AS), and chemical composition. The additives significantly improved dry matter recovery (DMR), especially LASA and EOB in autumn. EOB showed the lowest effluent losses and highest AS, with higher acetic acid and lower NH₃-N contents. LEO and EOB increased lactic acid, while LASA reduced ethanol and butyric acid levels in summer. Crude protein increased with LEO in autumn, and LASA and LEO improved total digestible nutrients (TDNs) in summer. EOB-treated silages had higher fiber fractions in autumn, without compromising feed value. Therefore, LASA, LEO, and particularly EOB enhanced silage fermentation and nutrient preservation, with EOB showing the most consistent results across seasons.
Transcriptome analysis unveils multiple reasons behind delayed and slower deposition of intramuscular fat compared to subcutaneous fat in cattle
Tan, Zhendong; Pokhrel, Binod; Zhou, Ziqi; Jiang, Honglin (2025-07-31)
Background: Intramuscular fat refers to the white adipose tissue deposited between muscle fibers, and its quantity and distribution directly impact the quality and value of beef. Compared to subcutaneous fat, intramuscular fat develops later and accumulates more slowly in cattle. The reasons for the delayed development and slower growth of intramuscular fat in cattle remain unclear. Results: Histological analysis showed that adipocytes in intramuscular fat were smaller than those in subcutaneous fat from the same mature cattle, indicating a delayed development or slower growth of intramuscular fat compared to subcutaneous fat. Intramuscular fat had a lower capacity for retaining or incorporating long-chain fatty acids into triglycerides than subcutaneous fat. Comparing the transcriptomes of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat by RNA sequencing identified more than 1,000 genes differentially expressed (DEGs) between the two adipose depots. Genes upregulated in intramuscular fat included FOXO6, SLC27A1, HDAC9, WWTR1, and PIK3C2A, which are known to inhibit adipose tissue development and growth. Genes downregulated in intramuscular fat included FABP4, AGPAT2, ADIG, ADIRF, and PLIN2, which are known to promote adipose tissue development and growth. Functional enrichment analyses of these DEGs suggested that intramuscular fat may have a lower capacity for fatty acid binding and adipogenesis compared to subcutaneous fat. Furthermore, genes downregulated in intramuscular fat were enriched in signaling pathways such as the PPAR signaling pathway, whereas genes upregulated in intramuscular fat were enriched in pathways including the Wnt signaling pathway. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from intramuscular fat exhibited a lower adipogenic potential than those from subcutaneous fat. Conclusions: Multiple factors may contribute to the delayed and slower deposition of intramuscular fat compared to subcutaneous fat in cattle, including reduced fatty acid binding capacity, lower triglyceride synthesis, and decreased adipogenesis in intramuscular fat. These differences are possibly driven by lower expressions of genes such as AGPAT2, FABP4, and ADIG, higher expression of genes such as FOXO6, HDAC9, and SLC27A1, reduced activation of the PPAR signaling pathway, and increased activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in intramuscular fat.
The Fermentative and Nutritional Effects of Limonene and a Cinnamaldehyde–Carvacrol Blend on Total Mixed Ration Silages
Amaral, Isabele Paola de Oliveira; Orrico Junior, Marco Antonio Previdelli; Retore, Marciana; Fernandes, Tatiane; da Silva, Yara América; de Oliveira, Mariany Felex; Orrico, Ana Carolina Amorim; de Andrade, Ronnie Coêlho; Muglia, Giuliano Reis Pereira (MDPI, 2025-07-18)
This study evaluated the effects of different doses of limonene essential oil (LEO) and a blend of cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol (BCC) on the fermentative quality and chemical–bromatological composition of total mixed ration (TMR) silages. Two independent trials were conducted, each focused on one additive, using a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of dry matter), replicated across two seasons (summer and autumn), with five replicates per treatment per season. The silages were assessed for their chemical composition, fermentation profile, aerobic stability (AS), and storage losses. In the LEO trial, the dry matter (DM) content increased significantly by 0.047% for each mg/kg added. Dry matter recovery (DMR) peaked at 97.9% at 473 mg/kg (p < 0.01), while lactic acid (LA) production reached 5.87% DM at 456 mg/kg. Ethanol concentrations decreased to 0.13% DM at 392 mg/kg (p = 0.04). The highest AS value (114 h) was observed at 203.7 mg/kg, but AS declined slightly at the highest LEO dose (600 mg/kg). No significant effects were observed for the pH, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), or non-fiber carbohydrates (NFCs). In the BCC trial, DMR reached 98.2% at 548 mg/kg (p < 0.001), and effluent losses decreased by approximately 20 kg/ton DM. LA production peaked at 6.41% DM at 412 mg/kg (p < 0.001), and AS reached 131 h at 359 mg/kg. BCC increased NDF (from 23.27% to 27.73%) and ADF (from 35.13% to 41.20%) linearly, while NFCs and the total digestible nutrients (TDN) decreased by 0.0007% and 0.039% per mg of BCC, respectively. In conclusion, both additives improved the fermentation efficiency by increasing LA and reducing losses. LEO was more effective for DM retention and ethanol reduction, while BCC improved DMR and AS, with distinct effects on fiber and energy fractions.
Evaluating the effectiveness of participatory science dog teams to detect devitalized Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) egg masses
Dickinson, Sally; Nita, Mizuho; Aviles-Rosa, Edgar O.; Hall, Nathan; Feuerbacher, Erica N. (PeerJ, 2025-07-16)
The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula, SLF) is an invasive planthopper first detected in the United States in 2014, with initial sightings in Pennsylvania. SLF poses a serious threat to agriculture, particularly targeting grapevines, hops, and ornamental plants, resulting in substantial annual economic losses. Due to its life cycle, the early detection and removal of egg masses are the most effective strategies for preventing long-distance dispersal. However, visual detection by humans is time-consuming and inefficient. Detection dogs have demonstrated high accuracy in locating SLF egg masses and differentiating them from environmental distractors. Despite their effectiveness, the number of dogs available through governmental channels is insufficient to meet demand. This study evaluated whether community scientist dog-handler teams could meet standardized detection criteria using SLF egg masses. Teams from across the U.S. were recruited and trained using devitalized egg masses, with oversight provided by local trainers. Following a 3- to 6-month independent training period, team performance was assessed through an odor recognition test and a field trial. Dogs demonstrated a sensitivity of 82% in controlled testing and 58% in field conditions. These results provide proof of concept; community scientist dog teams could play a significant role in protecting their local environments and agriculture from invasive species.
Narasin Supplementation Enhances Growth Performance in Grazing Cattle
Polizel, Daniel M.; Marques, Rodrigo S.; Limede, Arnaldo C.; Cidrini, Fernando A. A.; Gonçalves, José Renato S.; Carvalho, Pedro H. V.; Pires, Alexandre V. (MDPI, 2025-07-01)
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of narasin inclusion on the growth performance of grazing beef cattle under similar forage availability and quality. All three experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design according to the initial BW. Exp 1: 200 Nellore calves (initial BW = 177 ± 15 kg) were randomly allocated in three treatments for 84 d during the rainy season: (1) CONT: mineral supplement; (2) 1400 N: 1400 mg of narasin/kg of supplement; and (3) 2100 N: 2100 mg of narasin/kg of supplement. Narasin inclusion increased (p ≤ 0.01) ADG by 0.077 kg/d and final BW by 6.7 kg, with no differences (p ≥ 0.50) between narasin doses. Exp 2: 240 Nellore calves (initial BW = 195 ± 19 kg) were allocated to CONT or N1400 for 112 d during the rainy season. Narasin inclusion increased (p ≤ 0.01) ADG by 0.082 kg/d and final BW by 9.1 kg. Exp 3: 150 Nellore yearlings (initial BW = 332 ± 22 kg) were allocated for 112 d during the dry season: (1) PROT: protein supplement and (2) PROT250: inclusion of 250 mg of narasin/kg of supplement. Narasin inclusion increased (p ≤ 0.04) ADG by 0.048 kg and final BW by 5.3 kg. For all experiments, narasin inclusion did not impact (p ≥ 0.25) supplement intake. Hence, inclusion of narasin in mineral and protein supplements consistently enhances growth performance of grazing beef cattle across different seasons and production stages, without impacting supplement intake, providing an effective nutritional strategy to enhance productivity on tropical pastures.

Browse

Recent Submissions