Abstract
A questionnaire was sent to 1,506 randomly selected agricultural producers and homeowners in
Virginia during 1996 to determine perceptions about deer damage and management during 1995
(response rate 52%). Overall, 58% of respondents experienced damage by deer to their plantings
during 1995. Producers (71%) were more likely to experience deer damage than homeowners
(37%) Among farmers, producers of soybeans, tree fruits, and peanuts were most likely to
experience damage and generally rated it as being more severe than that reported by others.
Regardless of perceptions regarding damage, most (70%) individuals believed that Virginia's
deer population should be reduced to some degree in the future. Respondents' perceptions
regarding the level of damage influenced their opinion about the level to which deer populations
should be reduced; those perceiving greater damage were increasingly likely to desire a dramatic
decrease in Virginia's deer population. Similarly, perception about the level of damage affected
a respondent's general opinion about deer; respondents who experienced severe damage also
were more likely to believe that deer are a nuisance. Overall, a majority (84%) of respondents
favored recreational hunting as a means to manage deer in Virginia. A respondent's gender and
the situation in which they were raised (e.g., urban, rural, farm) were strongly related to
preference for management options. Female respondents and those raised in more urban areas
were more likely to favor "non-lethal" management options (i.e., contraception, trapping and
relocating individuals, allowing nature to take its course, fencing, and repellents) than were male
respondents and those raised in rural environments. Deer density in a respondent's county of
residence was directly related to perception regarding deer damage and desire for future
population management (e.g., reduction versus increase).
A pilot study was conducted to assess the impacts of refugia on traditional deer management
efforts via recreational hunting during 1996. Two study areas in Virginia were selected and,
using information supplied by the county tax office, questionnaires were sent to individuals who
owned land in the respective areas to determine distribution of land-uses, extent and severity of
deer damage, and role of recreational hunting within each site. Deer damage was strongly
related to land-use; respondents who owned lands on which some agricultural activity occurred
were more likely to experience damage than respondents who owned non-agricultural lands.
Respondents in each study area harvested more deer from their land than the mean harvest rate
for the county in which they resided. Thus, it appears that, in some situations, deer harvest did
not reduce damage to an acceptable level. The presence of local refugia theoretically had the
potential to contribute to this relationship, but more research is needed to make definitive
conclusions.
