Development of Cellulose-Titanium dioxide-Porphyrin Nanocomposite Films with High-barrier, UV-blocking, and Visible Light-Responsive Antimicrobial Features
| dc.contributor.author | Lovely, Belladini | en |
| dc.contributor.committeechair | Kim, Young Teck | en |
| dc.contributor.committeemember | Roman, Maren | en |
| dc.contributor.committeemember | Huang, Haibo | en |
| dc.contributor.committeemember | Zink-Sharp, Audrey | en |
| dc.contributor.department | Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation | en |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2024-06-04T08:02:11Z | en |
| dc.date.available | 2024-06-04T08:02:11Z | en |
| dc.date.issued | 2024-06-03 | en |
| dc.description.abstract | The packaging does not serve as a mere containment but also can be designed to play a key role in preserving the product from quality-deteriorating factors, including oxygen, light irradiation, and foodborne pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., Escherichia coli). There has been a growing interest in employing ultra-porous metal-organic frameworks (MOF) with visible light-responsive antibacterial mechanisms to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can eliminate bacteria via an oxidative burst. MOF is made of inorganic metal ions/nodes/clusters/secondary building units linked by organic bridge ligands, where titanium dioxide (TiO2) and tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin) (TCPP) were selected for these components, respectively. TiO2 is an exceptional UV-A/B/C-blocker; meanwhile, TCPP dye performs a remarkable photocatalytic ability even under visible light, on top of its macro-heterocyclic structure that is ideal as a MOF linker. Both have good compatibility but suffer from the notorious tendency to self-quench/aggregate. The incorporation of MOF-based conjugates into a polymeric matrix, like cellulose, is among the proven-successful solutions. Cellulose is the Earth's most abundant and naturally biodegradable, and cellulose nanofibril (CNF) was particularly chosen for its high specific surface area and surface activity. However, a straightforward, cheap, and environmentally friendly approach of multicycle homogenization (0-25 passes) was conducted to solve neat cellulose's challenge of natural hydrophilicity, where low pressure (<10 MPa) was applied to prevent the common over-shearing effect. The antibacterial efficacy of CNF films functionalized with TiO2-TCPP conjugate on inhibiting E. coli growth was analyzed with and without light of different intensities (3000 and 6000 lux). The positive impacts of CNFs' promoted fibrillation and subsequent inter/intra-molecular hydrogen bonding post-homogenization were evidenced in an array of functional properties, i.e., crystallinity, TiO2-TCPP conjugate dispersion, surface smoothness, mechanical properties, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, oxygen barrier (comparable to ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH), a commercial high-barrier polymer), and 100%-antibacterial rate (under 6000 lux after 72 hours). Varying optimum cycles of homogenization demonstrated the prospect of the proposed homogenization approach in preparing CNF with diverse processability and applicability. These findings also exhibited a promising potential for a myriad of high-barrier, UV-blocking, and/or visible light-responsive antibacterial film applications, including food packaging and biomedical. | en |
| dc.description.abstractgeneral | Packaging is useful not only as a container but can also be designed to help prevent products from being spoiled due to various reasons such as oxidation, light, and bacterial contamination. Researchers have discovered the promising antibacterial feature of the metal-organic framework (MOF). Packaging made with MOF technology can harness light and oxygen in the environment to produce a special form of oxygen called reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill unwanted bacteria. MOF is an extremely porous sponge-like material made of two ingredients: an inorganic metal cluster and an organic linker; in this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and a porphyrin called TCPP were selected, respectively. TiO2 is an excellent ultraviolet blocker, while TCPP has a unique, ring-like geometry that is ideal for use as a linker and an antimicrobial feature that works well under the visible light spectrum. The pair are compatible but still suffer from MOF's notorious challenge, where it tends to clump together because of its tiny size. To resolve this problem, TiO2-TCPP MOF can be deposited evenly in a cast made of polymer. Cellulose has been proven to work effectively as a polymeric cast; moreover, it is natural, biodegradable, and in abundant supply. A type of nanosized cellulose—cellulose nanofibril (CNF)—was specifically chosen because its high surface area and activity are useful when blended with other materials. However, cellulose is naturally a poor water-repellant that is not ideal for packaging applications. As a solution, cellulose can be treated with a homogenization technique by passing the material through a very narrow hole under high pressure. Homogenization can be problematic as it possibly damages the cellulose's structure, and its high pressure can also be expensive and energy consuming. Therefore, low pressure with multiple cycles was applied in this work. CNF-TiO2-TCPP films were tested for their ability to slow down E. coli bacteria growth with and without light of varying brightness to compare its light-sensitive antimicrobial feature. Homogenization was found helpful in producing higher-quality CNF, which improved several of the film's final characteristics, including an even material dispersion, structural order, smoothness, strength, heat resistance, and water repellency. Most importantly, it produced films with oxygen barrier ability comparable to commercial high-barrier plastics and completely eliminated bacteria after 72 hours. The optimum number of homogenization cycles was found to be dependent on the desired characteristics and application. Overall, these findings carry a promising potential for a variety of applications, including food packaging and the biomedical field. | en |
| dc.description.degree | Doctor of Philosophy | en |
| dc.format.medium | ETD | en |
| dc.identifier.other | vt_gsexam:40684 | en |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/10919/119237 | en |
| dc.language.iso | en | en |
| dc.publisher | Virginia Tech | en |
| dc.rights | In Copyright | en |
| dc.rights.uri | http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ | en |
| dc.subject | Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) | en |
| dc.subject | Titanium dioxide (TiO2) | en |
| dc.subject | Porphyrinic metal-organic framework (MOF) | en |
| dc.subject | Photosensitive antibacterial agents | en |
| dc.subject | Homogenization cycles/passes | en |
| dc.title | Development of Cellulose-Titanium dioxide-Porphyrin Nanocomposite Films with High-barrier, UV-blocking, and Visible Light-Responsive Antimicrobial Features | en |
| dc.type | Dissertation | en |
| thesis.degree.discipline | Forest Products | en |
| thesis.degree.grantor | Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University | en |
| thesis.degree.level | doctoral | en |
| thesis.degree.name | Doctor of Philosophy | en |