Manganese-coated IRIS to document reducing soil conditions

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dc.contributor.authorRabenhorst, Martin C.en
dc.contributor.authorDrohan, Patrick J.en
dc.contributor.authorGalbraith, John M.en
dc.contributor.authorMoorberg, Colbyen
dc.contributor.authorSpokas, Lesleyen
dc.contributor.authorStolt, Mark H.en
dc.contributor.authorThompson, James A.en
dc.contributor.authorTurk, Judithen
dc.contributor.authorVasilas, Bruce L.en
dc.contributor.authorVaughan, Karen L.en
dc.date.accessioned2023-01-19T20:12:51Zen
dc.date.available2023-01-19T20:12:51Zen
dc.date.issued2021-09-01en
dc.date.updated2023-01-19T18:48:16Zen
dc.description.abstractIron-coated indicator of reduction in soils (IRIS) devices have been used for nearly two decades to help assess and document reducing conditions in soils, and official guidance has been approved for interpreting these data. Interest in manganese (Mn)-coated IRIS devices has increased because Mn oxides are reduced under more moderately reducing conditions than iron (Fe) oxides (which require strongly reducing conditions), such that they are expected to be better proxies for some important ecosystem services like denitrification. However, only recently has the necessary technology become available to produce Mn-coated IRIS, and the need is now emerging for guidance in interpreting data derived from Mn IRIS. Ninety-six data sets collected over a 2-yr period from 40 plots at 18 study sites among eight states were used to compare the performance of Mn-coated IRIS with Fe-coated IRIS and to assess the effect of duration of saturation and soil temperature as environmental drivers on the reduction and removal of the oxide coating. It appears that the current threshold prescribed by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils for Fe-coated IRIS is appropriate for periods when soil temperatures are warmer (>11 °C), but is unnecessarily conservative when soil temperatures are cooler (5–11 °C). In contrast, Mn-coated devices are particularly useful early in the growing season when soil temperatures are cool. Our data show that when using a threshold of 30% removal of Mn oxide coatings there is essentially 100% confidence of the presence of reducing soil conditions under cool (<11 °C) conditions.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.extentPages 2201-2209en
dc.format.extent9 page(s)en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20301en
dc.identifier.eissn1435-0661en
dc.identifier.issn0361-5995en
dc.identifier.issue6en
dc.identifier.orcidGalbraith, John [0000-0003-4097-366X]en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/113280en
dc.identifier.volume85en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherWileyen
dc.relation.urihttp://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000691686300001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=930d57c9ac61a043676db62af60056c1en
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectreductionen
dc.subjectironen
dc.subjectoxideen
dc.subjecttemperatureen
dc.subjectoxidationen
dc.subjectindicatoren
dc.subjecttubesen
dc.titleManganese-coated IRIS to document reducing soil conditionsen
dc.title.serialSoil Science Society of America Journalen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.otherArticleen
dc.type.otherJournalen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Techen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciencesen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/All T&R Facultyen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences/CALS T&R Facultyen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences/School of Plant and Environmental Sciencesen

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