Altered toxicological endpoints in humans from common quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant exposure

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dc.contributor.authorHrubec, Terry C.en
dc.contributor.authorSeguin, Ryan P.en
dc.contributor.authorXu, L.en
dc.contributor.authorCortopassi, G. A.en
dc.contributor.authorDatta, S.en
dc.contributor.authorHanlon, Alexandra L.en
dc.contributor.authorLozano, A. J.en
dc.contributor.authorMcDonald, V. A.en
dc.contributor.authorHealy, C. A.en
dc.contributor.authorAnderson, T. C.en
dc.contributor.authorMusse, N. A.en
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, R. T.en
dc.contributor.departmentBiomedical Sciences and Pathobiologyen
dc.contributor.departmentCenter for Biostatistics and Health Data Scienceen
dc.date.accessioned2021-08-26T12:33:23Zen
dc.date.available2021-08-26T12:33:23Zen
dc.date.issued2021-01-01en
dc.date.updated2021-08-26T12:33:18Zen
dc.description.abstractHumans are frequently exposed to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs). QACs are ubiquitously used in medical settings, restaurants, and homes as cleaners and disinfectants. Despite their prevalence, nothing is known about the health effects associated with chronic low-level exposure. Chronic QAC toxicity, only recently identified in mice, resulted in developmental, reproductive, and immune dysfunction. Cell based studies indicate increased inflammation, decreased mitochondrial function, and disruption of cholesterol synthesis. If these findings translate to human toxicity, multiple physiological processes could be affected. This study tested whether QAC concentrations could be detected in the blood of 43 human volunteers, and whether QAC concentrations influenced markers of inflammation, mitochondrial function, and cholesterol synthesis. QAC concentrations were detected in 80 % of study participants. Blood QACs were associated with increase in inflammatory cytokines, decreased mitochondrial function, and disruption of cholesterol homeostasis in a dose dependent manner. This is the first study to measure QACs in human blood, and also the first to demonstrate statistically significant relationships between blood QAC and meaningful health related biomarkers. Additionally, the results are timely in light of the increased QAC disinfectant exposure occurring due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Main Findings: This study found that 80 % of study participants contained QACs in their blood; and that markers of inflammation, mitochondrial function, and sterol homeostasis varied with blood QAC concentration.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.extentPages 646-656en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.006en
dc.identifier.eissn2214-7500en
dc.identifier.issn2214-7500en
dc.identifier.orcidHanlon, Alexandra [0000-0002-9612-2197]en
dc.identifier.otherPMC8041661en
dc.identifier.otherS2214-7500(21)00047-0 (PII)en
dc.identifier.pmid33868951en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/104713en
dc.identifier.volume8en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherElsevieren
dc.relation.urihttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33868951en
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/en
dc.subject7-DHC, 7-Dehydrocholesterolen
dc.subject7-DHD, 7-Dehydrodesmosterolen
dc.subject8-DHC, 8-Dehydrocholesterolen
dc.subjectADBAC, alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorideen
dc.subjectANOVA, analysis of varianceen
dc.subjectBAC, benzalkonium chlorideen
dc.subjectCRP, C-reactive proteinen
dc.subjectDDAC, didecyldimethyl ammonium chlorideen
dc.subjectEnvironmental toxicologyen
dc.subjectFCCP, trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazoneen
dc.subjectIL-10, interleukin 10en
dc.subjectIL-12, interleukin 12en
dc.subjectIL-6, interleukin 6en
dc.subjectIRB, Institutional Review Boarden
dc.subjectInflammationen
dc.subjectLC, liquid chromatographyen
dc.subjectLOD, level of detectionen
dc.subjectLOQ, level of quantificationen
dc.subjectLPS, lipopolysaccharideen
dc.subjectLipid metabolismen
dc.subjectMitochondrial functionen
dc.subjectNF-κB, nuclear factor kappa betaen
dc.subjectNOEL, no effect levelen
dc.subjectOCR, oxygen consumption rateen
dc.subjectOEL, occupational exposure limiten
dc.subjectQAC, quaternary ammonium compoundsen
dc.subjectQuaternary ammonium compoundsen
dc.subjectTNFα, tumor necrosis factor alphaen
dc.subject0304 Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistryen
dc.subject0399 Other Chemical Sciencesen
dc.subject1103 Clinical Sciencesen
dc.titleAltered toxicological endpoints in humans from common quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant exposureen
dc.title.serialToxicology Reportsen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.otherJournal Articleen
dcterms.dateAccepted2021-03-06en
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Techen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Scienceen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Science/Statisticsen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Faculty of Health Sciencesen

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