Impacts of worldwide individual non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission across waves and space

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dc.contributor.authorGe, Yongen
dc.contributor.authorZhang, Wen-Binen
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Haiyanen
dc.contributor.authorRuktanonchai, Corrine W.en
dc.contributor.authorHu, Maoguien
dc.contributor.authorWu, Xilinen
dc.contributor.authorSong, Yongzeen
dc.contributor.authorRuktanonchai, Nick W.en
dc.contributor.authorYan, Weien
dc.contributor.authorCleary, Eimearen
dc.contributor.authorFeng, Luzhaoen
dc.contributor.authorLi, Zhongjieen
dc.contributor.authorYang, Weizhongen
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Mengxiaoen
dc.contributor.authorTatem, Andrew J.en
dc.contributor.authorWang, Jin-Fengen
dc.contributor.authorLai, Shengjieen
dc.date.accessioned2022-01-11T19:10:16Zen
dc.date.available2022-01-11T19:10:16Zen
dc.date.issued2022-02-01en
dc.date.updated2022-01-11T19:10:12Zen
dc.description.abstractGovernments worldwide have rapidly deployed non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to mitigate the COVID- 19 pandemic. However, the effect of these individual NPI measures across space and time has yet to be sufficiently assessed, especially with the increase of policy fatigue and the urge for NPI relaxation in the vaccination era. Using the decay ratio in the suppression of COVID-19 infections and multi-source big data, we investigated the changing performance of different NPIs across waves from global and regional levels (in 133 countries) to national and subnational (in the United States of America [USA]) scales before the implementation of mass vaccination. The synergistic effectiveness of all NPIs for reducing COVID-19 infections declined along waves, from 95.4% in the first wave to 56.0% in the third wave recently at the global level and similarly from 83.3% to 58.7% at the USA national level, while it had fluctuating performance across waves on regional and subnational scales. Regardless of geographical scale, gathering restrictions and facial coverings played significant roles in epidemic mitigation before the vaccine rollout. Our findings have important implications for continued tailoring and implementation of NPI strategies, together with vaccination, to mitigate future COVID-19 waves, caused by new variants, and other emerging respiratory infectious diseases.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.extent9 page(s)en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifierARTN 102649 (Article number)en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102649en
dc.identifier.eissn1872-826Xen
dc.identifier.issn1569-8432en
dc.identifier.otherPMC8666325en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/107546en
dc.identifier.volume106en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherElsevieren
dc.relation.urihttp://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000736855100005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=930d57c9ac61a043676db62af60056c1en
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectTechnologyen
dc.subjectRemote Sensingen
dc.subjectCOVID-19en
dc.subjectBig dataen
dc.subjectNon-pharmaceutical interventionsen
dc.subjectMulti-scaleen
dc.subjectEffectivenessen
dc.subjectGeological & Geomatics Engineeringen
dc.subject0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscienceen
dc.subject0909 Geomatic Engineeringen
dc.titleImpacts of worldwide individual non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission across waves and spaceen
dc.title.serialInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformationen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.otherArticleen
dc.type.otherJournalen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Techen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Veterinary Medicineen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Veterinary Medicine/Population Health Sciencesen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/All T&R Facultyen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Veterinary Medicine/CVM T&R Facultyen

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