Alfred Adler, Edward C. Tolman, and Kurt Lewin: theoretical comparisons, extrapolations, interpolations, and assumptions

Abstract

Preliminary work was undertaken to formulate a theory of learning based on principles of Adlerian theory. It was established that such a formulation first requires the further systematization of Adler's general theory.

Three theories which are more systematic, but contain concepts similar to some found in Adlerian theory, were compared to Adler's theory. This was done to establish the degree of general theoretical similarity and to locate specific concepts which might be used or modified in the further systematization of Adler's theory, and in the formulation of a theory of learning. The theories chosen for comparison to Adler's were those of Tolman, Lewin,and Irwin.

It was found that Adler, Lewin, and Irwin emphasize motivational factors of behavior, and Tolman, cognitive factors. Substantial, but not complete, agreement was found between Adler and Lewin concerning motivation. Though Tolman and Adler disagree on the nature of motivation, with regard to cognitive factors, implications were found within Adler's theory to suggest that Tolman's concepts may be used to represent Adlerian principles, This is especially true with regard to learning. Irwin's theory was found to offer compatible, empirically derived, motivational concepts.

It was concluded that Adler's theory, generally and with regard to learning, a) may be represented by many of Lewin's concepts, b) may be further systematized, cognitively, primarily through the use of Tolmanian concepts, and c) may use empirical relationships derived by Irwin to further establish Adler's theory as a scientific theory of behavior.