Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Acetaminophen in Adult Horses
| dc.contributor.author | Mercer, Melissa Ann | en |
| dc.contributor.committeechair | McKenzie, Harold C. III | en |
| dc.contributor.committeemember | Davis, Jennifer Lynn | en |
| dc.contributor.committeemember | McIntosh, Bridgett J. | en |
| dc.contributor.committeemember | Wilson, Katherine E. | en |
| dc.contributor.committeemember | Hodgson, David R. | en |
| dc.contributor.department | Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences | en |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2018-10-16T08:00:13Z | en |
| dc.date.available | 2018-10-16T08:00:13Z | en |
| dc.date.issued | 2018-10-15 | en |
| dc.description.abstract | Due to the detrimental side effects of NSAID administration, such as gastrointestinal ulceration and renal papillary necrosis, there is a profound need for clinical pain relief in horses with long term orthopedic disease whereby gastrointestinal side effects are obviated. Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used analgesic drugs in humans, and is readily available as an inexpensive generic over-the-counter preparation. Acetaminophen has a number of mechanisms of action that differ from NSAIDs, including actions on the serotonergic, opioid, endocannabinoid and lipoxygenase pathways. These alternate pathways may provide greater efficacy against chronic or neuropathic pain in equine patients. Acetaminophen was preferred by physicians over COX-2 and nonselective NSAIDs, even when those drugs were coupled with proton-pump inhibitors to reduce gastrointestinal side effects; due to cost considerations and the occurrence of adverse side effects from those drugs. In horses, acetaminophen has been reported to be efficacious as an adjunct treatment for laminitis in one pony, and was an effective analgesic agent when combined with NSAIDs in a model of inducible foot pain. However, no studies have been performed to validate a dose-response curve in horses. A study recently completed by our group demonstrated rapid absorption following oral administration of acetaminophen. Reported human therapeutic plasma concentrations were achieved within 30 minutes of administration, with no clinical or clinicopathologic evidence of adverse side effects after two weeks of repeated dosing. Dose simulation trials indicate that a change in dosage schedule may be required in order to provide adequate plasma concentrations. | en |
| dc.description.abstractgeneral | The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as phenylbutazone in horses is widespread, and can be associated with detrimental side effects such as gastrointestinal ulceration and kidney damage. The clinical need for pain relief in horses with long-term lameness that minimizes gastrointestinal side effects has led to the development of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective NSAIDs, such as firocoxib, but the expense of this therapy is often a major consideration limiting its use and few alternatives are available. Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used analgesic drugs in humans, and is readily available as an inexpensive generic over-the-counter preparation. Despite the lower efficacy of acetaminophen in trials of human patients with chronic osteoarthritis, acetaminophen remains the preferred analgesic in humans due to its increased tolerance and improved cost-benefit analysis when compared to nonselective and COX2 selective NSAIDs. Acetaminophen has a number of mechanisms of action that differ from the current mainstays of equine analgesic therapy, which may provide greater efficacy against chronic or neuropathic pain in equine patients. A recent study of acetaminophen in horses has shown rapid absorption and achievement of levels reported to be therapeutic in humans, with no adverse side effects after two weeks of repeated dosing. In horses, acetaminophen has demonstrated efficacy as an adjunct treatment for laminitis in one pony, and was an effective analgesic agent when combined with NSAIDs in a model of inducible foot pain. | en |
| dc.description.degree | Master of Science | en |
| dc.format.medium | ETD | en |
| dc.identifier.other | vt_gsexam:16999 | en |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85379 | en |
| dc.publisher | Virginia Tech | en |
| dc.rights | In Copyright | en |
| dc.rights.uri | http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ | en |
| dc.subject | Equine | en |
| dc.subject | Pain | en |
| dc.subject | Pharmacology | en |
| dc.subject | Acetaminophen | en |
| dc.subject | Paracetamol | en |
| dc.title | Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Acetaminophen in Adult Horses | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | en |
| thesis.degree.discipline | Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences | en |
| thesis.degree.grantor | Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University | en |
| thesis.degree.level | masters | en |
| thesis.degree.name | Master of Science | en |