How soap bubbles freeze

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dc.contributor.authorAhmadi, S. Farzaden
dc.contributor.authorNath, Saurabhen
dc.contributor.authorKingett, Christian M.en
dc.contributor.authorYue, Pengtaoen
dc.contributor.authorBoreyko, Jonathan B.en
dc.contributor.departmentMechanical Engineeringen
dc.contributor.departmentBiomedical Engineering and Mechanicsen
dc.contributor.departmentMathematicsen
dc.date.accessioned2019-07-30T16:43:00Zen
dc.date.available2019-07-30T16:43:00Zen
dc.date.issued2019-06-18en
dc.description.abstractDroplets or puddles tend to freeze from the propagation of a single freeze front. In contrast, videographers have shown that as soap bubbles freeze, a plethora of growing ice crystals can swirl around in a beautiful effect visually reminiscent of a snow globe. However, the underlying physics of how bubbles freeze has not been studied. Here, we characterize the physics of soap bubbles freezing on an icy substrate and reveal two distinct modes of freezing. The first mode, occurring for isothermally supercooled bubbles, generates a strong Marangoni flow that entrains ice crystals to produce the aforementioned snow globe effect. The second mode occurs when using a cold stage in a warm ambient, resulting in a bottom-up freeze front that eventually halts due to poor conduction along the bubble. Blending experiments, scaling analysis, and numerical methods, the dynamics of the freeze fronts and Marangoni flows are characterized.en
dc.description.notesWe thank Yanqing Fu for introducing us to the online videos of freezing bubbles. We acknowledge R. Mills and S. Case for the use of their IR camera and D. Mitchem for granting access to the walk-in freezer. Special thanks to J. Lloyd, B. Chang, R. Mukherjee, and H. Park for their help with some of the freezing bubble photography. S. N. acknowledges the support of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program LubISS (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 722497). This work was supported by startup funds from the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics at Virginia Tech.en
dc.description.sponsorshipEuropean Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program LubISS (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant) [722497]en
dc.description.sponsorshipDepartment of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics at Virginia Techen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10021-6en
dc.identifier.issn2041-1723en
dc.identifier.other2531en
dc.identifier.pmid31213604en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/92045en
dc.identifier.volume10en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherSpringer Natureen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.titleHow soap bubbles freezeen
dc.title.serialNature Communicationsen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.dcmitypeStillImageen

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