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State of the Field: Cytotoxic Immune Cell Responses in C. neoformans and C. deneoformans Infection

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dc.contributor.authorOkafor, Elizabeth C.en
dc.contributor.authorNielsen, Kirstenen
dc.date.accessioned2024-10-25T13:55:18Zen
dc.date.available2024-10-25T13:55:18Zen
dc.date.issued2024-10-12en
dc.date.updated2024-10-25T13:42:40Zen
dc.description.abstract<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> is an environmental pathogen that causes life-threatening disease in immunocompromised persons. The majority of immunological studies have centered on CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell dysfunction and associated cytokine signaling pathways, optimization of phagocytic cell function against fungal cells, and identification of robust antigens for vaccine development. However, a growing body of literature exists regarding cytotoxic cells, specifically CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cells, Natural Killer cells, gamma/delta T-cells, NK T-cells, and Cytotoxic CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells, and their role in the innate and adaptive immune response during <i>C.&nbsp;neoformans</i> and <i>C.&nbsp;deneoformans</i> infection. In this review, we (1) provide a comprehensive report of data gathered from mouse and human studies on cytotoxic cell function and phenotype, (2) discuss harmonious and conflicting results on cellular responses in mice models and human infection, (3) identify gaps of knowledge in the field ripe for exploration, and (4) highlight how innovative immunological tools could enhance the study of cytotoxic cells and their potential immunomodulation during cryptococcosis.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationOkafor, E.C.; Nielsen, K. State of the Field: Cytotoxic Immune Cell Responses in C. neoformans and C. deneoformans Infection. J. Fungi 2024, 10, 712.en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100712en
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10919/121391en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherMDPIen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjecthuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)en
dc.subjectadvanced immunodeficiency virus (AIDS)en
dc.subjectfungal infectionen
dc.subjectCryptococcus neoformansen
dc.subjectcryptococcal meningitisen
dc.subjectcytotoxic cellsen
dc.subjectnatural killer cellsen
dc.subjectCD8+ T-cellsen
dc.subjectgamma/delta T-cellsen
dc.subjectCD4+ T-cellsen
dc.titleState of the Field: Cytotoxic Immune Cell Responses in C. neoformans and C. deneoformans Infectionen
dc.title.serialJournal of Fungien
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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