Free-Living Aquatic Turtles as Sentinels of Salmonella spp. for Water Bodies

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dc.contributor.authorHernandez, Sonia M.en
dc.contributor.authorMaurer, John J.en
dc.contributor.authorYabsley, Michael J.en
dc.contributor.authorPeters, Valerie E.en
dc.contributor.authorPresotto, Andreaen
dc.contributor.authorMurray, Maureen H.en
dc.contributor.authorCurry, Shannonen
dc.contributor.authorSanchez, Susanen
dc.contributor.authorGerner-Smidt, Peteren
dc.contributor.authorHise, Kelleyen
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Joyceen
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Kaseyen
dc.contributor.authorKwan, Tiffanyen
dc.contributor.authorLipp, Erin K.en
dc.date.accessioned2021-12-14T15:08:47Zen
dc.date.available2021-12-14T15:08:47Zen
dc.date.issued2021-07-22en
dc.date.updated2021-12-14T15:08:43Zen
dc.description.abstractReptile-associated human salmonellosis cases have increased recently in the United States. It is not uncommon to find healthy chelonians shedding Salmonella enterica. The rate and frequency of bacterial shedding are not fully understood, and most studies have focused on captive vs. free-living chelonians and often in relation to an outbreak. Their ecology and significance as sentinels are important to understanding Salmonella transmission. In 2012–2013, Salmonella prevalence was determined for free-living aquatic turtles in man-made ponds in Clarke and Oconee Counties, in northern Georgia (USA) and the correlation between species, basking ecology, demographics (age/sex), season, or landcover with prevalence was assessed. The genetic relatedness between turtle and archived, human isolates, as well as, other archived animal and water isolates reported from this study area was examined. Salmonella was isolated from 45 of 194 turtles (23.2%, range 14–100%) across six species. Prevalence was higher in juveniles (36%) than adults (20%), higher in females (33%) than males (18%), and higher in bottom-dwelling species (31%; common and loggerhead musk turtles, common snapping turtles) than basking species (15%; sliders, painted turtles). Salmonella prevalence decreased as forest cover, canopy cover, and distance from roads increased. Prevalence was also higher in low-density, residential areas that have 20–49% impervious surface. A total of 9 different serovars of two subspecies were isolated including 3 S. enterica subsp. arizonae and 44 S. enterica subsp. enterica (two turtles had two serotypes isolated from each). Among the S. enterica serovars, Montevideo (n = 13) and Rubislaw (n = 11) were predominant. Salmonella serovars Muenchen, Newport, Mississippi, Inverness, Brazil, and Paratyphi B. var L(+) tartrate positive (Java) were also isolated. Importantly, 85% of the turtle isolates matched pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of human isolates, including those reported from Georgia. Collectively, these results suggest that turtles accumulate Salmonella present in water bodies, and they may be effective sentinels of environmental contamination. Ultimately, the Salmonella prevalence rates in wild aquatic turtles, especially those strains shared with humans, highlight a significant public health concern.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.extent14 page(s)en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifierARTN 674973 (Article number)en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.674973en
dc.identifier.eissn2297-1769en
dc.identifier.issn2297-1769en
dc.identifier.orcidMaurer, John [0000-0001-8680-7005]en
dc.identifier.pmid34368271en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/106976en
dc.identifier.volume8en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherFrontiersen
dc.relation.urihttp://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000681071100001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=930d57c9ac61a043676db62af60056c1en
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectLife Sciences & Biomedicineen
dc.subjectVeterinary Sciencesen
dc.subjectcheloniaen
dc.subjectturtleen
dc.subjectSalmonellaen
dc.subjectSalmonella entericaen
dc.subjectreptile-associated salmonellosisen
dc.subjectREPTILE-ASSOCIATED SALMONELLOSISen
dc.subjectGEL-ELECTROPHORESIS PROTOCOLSen
dc.subjectUNITED-STATESen
dc.subjectNONTYPHOIDAL SALMONELLAen
dc.subjectFOOD COMMODITIESen
dc.subjectIRRIGATION PONDSen
dc.subjectENTERICA SEROVARen
dc.subjectTESTUDO-GRAECAen
dc.subjectPREVALENCEen
dc.subjectINFECTIONSen
dc.subject0707 Veterinary Sciencesen
dc.titleFree-Living Aquatic Turtles as Sentinels of Salmonella spp. for Water Bodiesen
dc.title.serialFrontiers in Veterinary Scienceen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.otherArticleen
dc.type.otherJournalen
dcterms.dateAccepted2021-06-25en
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Techen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciencesen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences/Animal and Poultry Sciencesen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/All T&R Facultyen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences/CALS T&R Facultyen

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