Grapes: Diseases and Insects in Vineyards. p. 3-1 – 3-17. In: 2017 Pest Management Guide for Horticultural and Forest Crops. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-017.

Additional information on pest and beneficial species identification is available online at http://www.virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu/. Disease updates and management information is available at http://www.grapepathology.blogspot.com. Application rates: The rate per acre column gives rates for low-volume or concentrate applications. Sprays may be applied as semiconcentrate (40-100 gal/A) or concentrate (10-40 gal/A) sprays. Use caution with more concentrated sprays; the smaller droplet sizes associated with low-volume application are more prone to drift. Amount of pesticide to be applied for dilute applications (usually 100 gal/A early in early season, 200 gal/A in mid season, and 300 gal/acre in late season) is usually given on the label.