Preliminary Design of a Titan-Orbiting Stellar Occultation Mission

This thesis serves to provide a conceptual mission design for a Titan-orbiting stellar occultation mission. Titan has a significant atmosphere much like Earth's. An improved understanding of Titan's atmosphere could provide valuable information about the evolution of Earth's climate. Titan's atmosphere is known to be in a state of superrotation, wherein the atmosphere rotates significantly faster than the surface beneath. The details of the creation and sustainment of this extreme state on Titan in terms of angular momentum exchange remain unknown despite current theories and models. These unknowns, alongside inconsistencies between current models with observations from the Cassini mission, call for an urgent need for Titan atmospheric observations able to resolve atmospheric waves. The science objectives driving the mission design include maximizing the number of measurements, the latitude versus longitude coverage, the latitude versus local solar time coverage, and the mission duration. These measurement needs can be met by a Titan orbiter utilizing a refractive stellar occultation technique. Refractive stellar occultation observes starlight bending through an atmosphere as stars set behind a body. The observed bending profile can be inverted to infer density, temperature, and pressure profiles. This research uses Systems Tool Kit (STK) as a simulation tool to predict measurement coverage for various orbits. The orbital radius was determined to be the driving independent variable which set all other design variables, including the orbital plane which was uniquely selected for a given orbital radius to maximize the number of occultations. The results of this study show that a lower orbital radius is desired as this produces the best combination of measurement number and distribution. This orbital plane should be closely aligned with the Milky Way galactic plane to see the most stars occult. For the lowest sustainable orbital altitude, Low Titan Orbit (LTO) at 1200 km, the orbital plane should be nearly polar to maximize the number of occultations and latitude coverage. The optimal orbit selection (defined by orbital elements a = 3775 km, e = 0, i = 85 degrees, Ω = 87 degrees, ω = 0 degrees, and ν = 0 degrees) for a single satellite can produce nearly 400 stellar occultation opportunities per orbit and provide full latitude versus longitude coverage. A single satellite shows gaps in latitude versus local solar time coverage at mid-latitudes normal to the satellite ground track which may inhibit the diagnosis of the angular momentum flux associated with thermal tides. If necessary, a second satellite in an orbit orthogonal to the first is suggested to close coverage gaps to provide full local time coverage over a Titan day. The optimal orbit selection of this second satellite (defined by orbital elements a = 3775 km, e = 0, i = 5.3 degrees, Ω = 5.9 degrees, ω = 0 degrees, and ν = 0 degrees) provides an additional 343 occultation opportunities per orbit and increases latitude versus local solar time coverage by a factor of 1.5. The understanding of Titan's Earth-like atmosphere could provide insight into climate evolution here on Earth. This concept proposes a novel approach to improving this understanding.