Discovery and dissemination of new knowledge in food science: Analytical methods for quantification of polyphenols and amino acids in fruits and the use of mobile phone-based instructional technology in food science education

Ma, Sihui

Discovery and dissemination of new knowledge in food science: Analytical methods for quantification of polyphenols and amino acids in fruits and the use of mobile phone-based instructional technology in food science education

dc.contributor.author	Ma, Sihui	en
dc.contributor.committeechair	Stewart, Amanda C.	en
dc.contributor.committeemember	O'Keefe, Sean F.	en
dc.contributor.committeemember	Peck, Gregory M.	en
dc.contributor.committeemember	Chase, Melissa W.	en
dc.contributor.department	Food Science and Technology	en
dc.date.accessioned	2020-12-03T07:00:37Z	en
dc.date.available	2020-12-03T07:00:37Z	en
dc.date.issued	2019-06-11	en
dc.description.abstract	The discovery and dissemination of new knowledge are essential in food science. To advance our understanding of fruit chemistry, analytical methods were compared and applied. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites in fruits of particular importance in food science, as they contribute to the sensory attributes and health benefits of the products. Evaluation of common analytical methods for the quantification of polyphenols, including the Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C), Lowenthal permanganate (L-P), 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC) and the bovine serum albumin (BSA) precipitation methods, was conducted using analytical method validation procedures. The F-C method was not specific to polyphenols, and the L-P method had the widest working range but lacked accuracy. The DMAC method was the most specific to flavanols, and the BSA method was not suitable for quantification of smaller flavanols. Quantitative performance of these four methods was evaluated using a broad range of fruit-derived samples. Variation in quantitative results obtained using these four methods was explained by differences in polyphenol and matrix composition of these samples and differences in operating principles of the methods. The reactivity of individual polyphenol compounds (catechin, epicatechin, PC B2, PC pentamer, chlorogenic acid, phloretin, and quercetin) to the polyphenol and flavanol quantification results using Prussian blue (P-B), F-C, DMAC and BSA precipitation methods were also assessed and determined to differ by up to thirteen-fold, depending on the assay. Furthermore, the contribution and interactions of polyphenol compounds (catechin, PC B2, and chlorogenic acid) and potentially interfering compounds likely to be found in fruit and fruit products (ascorbic acid, glucose, and SO2) to the quantitative results of these methods were evaluated using a full factorial design. Significant interactions among polyphenol compounds, and among the interfering compounds were found. The standardized coefficient (β) for all factors and interactions of polyphenol compounds varied from 0.347 to 129, and from near 0 to -46.8 for all factors and interactions of interfering compounds. Our findings indicate that the choice of standards, polyphenol and matrix composition of the sample may cause disparity among the quantitative results of these methods. Amino acids in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) juice not only influence the quality of fermented cider through fermentation kinetics but also impact the flavor of the cider through yeast metabolism. Due to recent advances in analytical instrumentation, amino acids profiles in apple juice were determined much faster and more accurately than by previously applied methods. Twenty amino acids were quantified by UPLC-PDA in juices from 13 apple cultivars grown in Virginia. The relative amino acid profile was significantly different among the apple juices evaluated. The total amino acid concentration ranged from 18 mg/L in Blacktwig juice to 57 mg/L in Enterprise juice. L-Asparagine, L-aspartic acid and L-glutamine are the principal amino acids observed in most apple juices. These results will inform future research on yeast metabolism and nitrogen management during cider fermentation. To better disseminate knowledge gained through research to the next generation of food scientists, the effectiveness of new instructional technology—a cellphone-based personal response system—in food science education was evaluated. Students' academic performance was improved by the incorporation of this technology into lectures, and its use was well perceived by the students (easy to use and positively impacted their learning). This finding contributes to the scholarship of teaching and learning in food science by providing useful insight into the potential for application of such tools with improved student engagement and learning outcomes. Advances in food chemistry research will enable the development of value-added food products, and the pedagogical advancement in food science education will better convey new and existing knowledge to students, who will apply this knowledge to promote a safe and nutritious food supply that enhances human health and increases the value of specialty crops.	en
dc.description.abstractgeneral	In food science, both the discovery and dissemination of new knowledge are essential. To advance our understanding in fruit chemistry, several analytical methods were compared and applied. Polyphenols are important bioactive compounds in fruits associated with health benefits, and they also contribute to the bitterness and astringency of the products such as chocolate and red wines. Systematic evaluation of common analytical methods used to quantify polyphenols was conducted. When different methods were used to evaluate a broad range of fruit-derived samples, different results were obtained for a given sample, depending on the method applied. This was explained by the difference in polyphenol composition of these samples. Furthermore, different individual polyphenol compounds contributed differently to quantitative results for these methods. Interactions among polyphenol compounds and interference from constituents of the juice samples other than polyphenols were also found. These findings demonstrate that when comparing fruit chemistry (polyphenol concentration) results obtained using the methods evaluated, it is necessary to consider the polyphenol composition as well as the sample matrix composition. This knowledge will improve our ability to interpret and compare existing data on polyphenol content in fruits, advancing the understanding the polyphenols and health and informing producers to improve their fruit products with optimized quality and sensory characters. Secondly, amino acids in apple juice influence the quality of fermented cider, through not only controlling the fermentation rate, but also impacting the flavor of the cider through yeast metabolism. Twenty amino acids were quantified in juices from 13 apple cultivars grown in Virginia with potential use in cider making using a recently developed method in analytical chemistry. The relative amino acid profile was significantly different among the apple juices evaluated. L-Asparagine, L-aspartic acid and L-glutamine are the principal amino acids observed in most apple juices. This knowledge will help with the development of fermentation strategies for production of ciders with targeted sensory attributes. To better disseminate new knowledge in food science to the next generation, the effectiveness of a new educational technology application—a cellphone-based personal response system (similar to clickers)—in food science education was evaluated. Using this application during lecture resulted in improved quiz grades, and students felt that it was easy to use and positively impacted their learning. This application has the potential to improve effectiveness of lectures in higher education classrooms. Advances in food chemistry research will enable development of value-added food products, and the pedagogical advancement in food science education will better convey new and existing knowledge to students, who will apply this knowledge to promote a safe and nutritious food supply that enhances human health and increases the value of specialty crops.	en
dc.description.degree	Doctor of Philosophy	en
dc.format.medium	ETD	en
dc.identifier.other	vt_gsexam:20247	en
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100997	en
dc.publisher	Virginia Tech	en
dc.rights	In Copyright	en
dc.rights.uri	http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/	en
dc.subject	flavanols	en
dc.subject	Folin-Ciocalteu	en
dc.subject	Lowenthal permanganate	en
dc.subject	Prussian blue	en
dc.subject	DMAC	en
dc.subject	BSA precipitation	en
dc.subject	apple juice chemistry	en
dc.subject	fermentation	en
dc.subject	engagement	en
dc.subject	student performance	en
dc.title	Discovery and dissemination of new knowledge in food science: Analytical methods for quantification of polyphenols and amino acids in fruits and the use of mobile phone-based instructional technology in food science education	en
dc.type	Dissertation	en
thesis.degree.discipline	Food Science and Technology	en
thesis.degree.grantor	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University	en
thesis.degree.level	doctoral	en
thesis.degree.name	Doctor of Philosophy	en