dc.contributor.author	Greatbatch, Richard	en
dc.contributor.committeechair	Gabbard, Joseph L.	en
dc.contributor.committeemember	Doerzaph, Zachary R.	en
dc.contributor.committeemember	Kim, Hyungil	en
dc.contributor.committeemember	Klauer, Charlie	en
dc.contributor.department	Industrial and Systems Engineering	en
dc.date.accessioned	2023-07-28T08:03:16Z	en
dc.date.available	2023-07-28T08:03:16Z	en
dc.date.issued	2023-07-27	en
dc.description.abstract	The number of automated features in surface vehicles are increasing as new vehicles are released each year. Some of these features allow drivers to temporarily take their attention off-road and en-gage in other tasks. However, there are times when it is important for drivers to immediately take control of the vehicle, if required. To safely take control, drivers must understand what is required of them and have situation awareness (SA) to understand important changes or factors within the environment around them. We can present drivers with needed takeover information using a head-up display (HUD), keeping the driver's eyes on the road. However, drivers operating conditionally automated vehicles on various roadways, such as highways and urban arterial roads, require differ-ent information to be conveyed to them as they drive due to inherent differences in roadway and obstacle features within the driving scene, such as the addition of vulnerable road users on urban arterial roads. This work aimed to (1) investigate impacts of novel HUDs on driver situation awareness during takeover on a highway, (2) identify system design criteria to fulfill driver's needs during takeover on an urban arterial road, and, (3) examine the effects of HUDs on driver situation awareness during takeover on an urban arterial road. We investigated these goals by collecting em-pirical data for takeover performance metrics, self-reported situation awareness, participant prefer-ences, and expert's opinions. From our studies we conclude that HUDs can increase aspects of takeover performance on high-ways, with participants demonstrating lower response times and higher time to collision metrics. We did not find significant impacts of HUDs on driver situation awareness on highways. Results from our semistructed interviews indicated that experts felt systems should communicate the need for driver attention to relevant information, communicate obstacle information, and provide information using a variety of driver senses. HUDs can also increase driver situation awareness during takeover on an urban arterial road and support improved takeover performance. This work allowed us to identify potential use cases and design criteria for new designs of novel HUDs to deliver important information during takeover.	en
dc.description.abstractgeneral	More features that take some of the tasks of vehicle operation off drivers are being released with every new model year of vehicle. Currently, these features still require drivers to maintain attention to the road and, in some cases, immediately take control of the vehicle, called takeover. However, research has not identified how best to communicate the need for takeover on all types of roads. Research has utilized a head-up display (HUD) to present vehicle information, communicate navigation, and highlight objects around the world to drivers while keeping driver's eyes on road. Keeping driver's eyes on road allows drivers to maintain situation awareness (SA) where they would perceive, understand, and react to changes in the driving scene. Currently, we can convey information to drivers both using traditional head-down displays (HDDs) in the instrument cluster and some vehicles are equipped with HUDs that can deliver in-formation within driver's field of view. This work aimed to first understand how takeover request delivered via HUD affect takeover performance and drivers' situation awareness on highways compared to HDDs. Next, we investigated expert's opinions on driver needs from the automated system during takeover on urban arterial roads to develop design criteria for new types of takeover requests. Finally, we took the design criteria to develop, test, and compare driver's takeover performance and situation awareness in new takeover requests delivered by HDDs and HUDs. HUDs may be useful in presenting information to drivers during takeover. Results support that on highways, HUDs are beneficial for increasing safer driver responses, where they responded quick-er and kept a greater distance to an object in the road in front of them. From design criteria identified by experts, we designed alerts that directed driver's attention to bicyclists, pedestrians, and vehicles crossing the path of their vehicle. After testing the alerts, results indicated that drivers had higher levels of situation awareness and performance metrics during takeover on urban arterial roads. Though HUDs show promise in increasing driver's takeover performance and situation awareness, we must take careful consideration into design of future HUDs to give appropriate and relevant information to drivers.	en
dc.description.degree	Doctor of Philosophy	en
dc.format.medium	ETD	en
dc.identifier.other	vt_gsexam:38184	en
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10919/115885	en
dc.language.iso	en	en
dc.publisher	Virginia Tech	en
dc.rights	In Copyright	en
dc.rights.uri	http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/	en
dc.subject	Driving Automation Systems	en
dc.subject	Takeover	en
dc.subject	Head-Up Display	en
dc.subject	Situation Awareness	en
dc.title	Takeover Required! Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays' Ability to Increase Driver Situation Awareness During Takeover Scenarios in Driving Automation Systems	en
dc.type	Dissertation	en
thesis.degree.discipline	Industrial and Systems Engineering	en
thesis.degree.grantor	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University	en
thesis.degree.level	doctoral	en
thesis.degree.name	Doctor of Philosophy	en

Takeover Required! Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays' Ability to Increase Driver Situation Awareness During Takeover Scenarios in Driving Automation Systems

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