Browsing by Author "Garrity, Dennis P."
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- Agroforestry science: Tackling key global development challengesGarrity, Dennis P. (2008)This presentation provides a general overview of the mission and purpose of the International Center for Research on Agroforestry and offers commentary on some recent trends in agroforestry adoption in the tropics. Specifically, the presentation highlights that while the number of trees in natural forest cover is decreasing, the number of trees on farms is substantially increasing. Moreover, population density is actually positively correlated with tree cropping practices as people look to make limited land more productive. The Center also sees carbon as a potential market for agroforestry in a new north-south cash flow for the offset of carbon emissions through environmental and livelihood practices already popularized through tropical agroforestry.
- Buffer zone management and agroforestryGarrity, Dennis P.; Glynn, C. (ed.); Banaynal, R. (ed.) (Bukidnon, Philippines: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, 1996)
- Comparative growth performance of eight tropical tree species on sites of varying altitudinal gradients in LantapanKoffa, Samuel; Garrity, Dennis P.; Ngugi, M. (Bukidnon, Philippines: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, 2000)Introduced on sits of varying altitudes, the growth response of 21-month-old plots of Acacia mangium, Albizia lebbekoides, Eucalyptus robusta, Rucalyptus torilliana, Gmelina arborea, Paraserianthes falcataria, Pterocarpus indicus and Swientenia macrophylla was investigated and determined. At each site and across sites, species differed significantly in height and diameter growth. These differences were an indication of genotype x environment interaction which was reflective of magnitude of species-site specificity. Altitude influenced species performance significantly through its effect on the nutrient availability and temperature of experimental sites. The quantities of Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphors and Potassium decreased with increased altitude, and percent Nitrogen, organic carbon and organic matter increased with increased altitude.
- Conservation agriculture with trees in the West African Sahel – a reviewBayala, J.; Kalinganire, A.; Tchoundjeu, Z.; Sinclair, F.; Garrity, Dennis P. (Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre, 2011)
- Evergreen agriculture: A robust approach to sustainable food security in AfricaGarrity, Dennis P.; Akinnifesi, F. K.; Ajayi, O. C.; Weldesemayat, S. G.; Mowo, J. G.; Kalinganire, A.; Larwanou, M.; Bayala, J. (Springer, 2010)Because of the growing population and negative effects of climate change, smallholder farmers in Africa are developing new techniques that can improve crop productivity. This article describes four national case studies where farmers have started applying the principles of evergreen agriculture, which is defined as the intercropping of particular tree species into annual food crop systems. Integrating trees helps improve soil nutrient supply and soil structure, increase farmer incomes from food, fodder, fuel, and fiber production, improve water infiltration, and increase biodiversity above and below ground. Because of these natural benefits, evergreen agriculture proves to be an effective approach for addressing the issue of food security in Africa.
- Governance and natural resource management: Key factors and policy implications: Emerging lessons from ICRAF- SANREM collaboration in the PhilippinesCatacutan, Delia C.; Garrity, Dennis P.; Duque, Caroline (2001)The concept and practice of governance and natural resource management is emerging as a popular debate in the Philippines, as in many countries in the region. It is now widely accepted that Local Government Units (LGU) play a critical role in the management of resources within their jurisdiction. This debate is constructed from a combination of people, processes and structures under a diversity of circumstances. Hence, its pluralistic nature, necessitates participation more widely by various civil society sectors, including the scientific community.
- Governance and natural resources management: Key factors and policy implicationsCatacutan, Delia C.; Garrity, Dennis P.; Duque, Caroline (2001)Local Government Units (LGU) play a critical role in the management of resources within their jurisdiction. Our collaborative work with SANREM/seeks to understand better the methodological, institutional and policy hurdles impinging the success of local natural resource management. The experience started in Lantapan in phase 1 of SANREM, with the aim to better integrate environmental knowledge in planning and decision-making at the watershed level. SANREM supported an LGU-led planning process for the development of a five-year Municipal Natural Resource Management and Development Plan (NRMDP). The NRMDP was recognized as a national model for locally led and research-based NRM planning by the Philippines' National Strategy for Watershed Management. Inspired by the Lantapan experience, a scaling-up process was pursued in four municipalities in northern Bukidnon. We concluded that there are socio-political and technical factors affecting the sustainability of local NRM. Four sustainability factors to successful NRM emerged from our study. These are: clear local financial investment, enhanced local technical capacity, sound political culture conducive to NRM, and a supporting National Mandate. To ensure that these conditions are met will require pressures for a virtual overhaul of programmatic areas of effective governance, as well as, setting a national level policy direction, and local level enforcement of such policies. We aim to translate these factors into policy statements communicated at the national level for wider impacts.
- Grassroots empowerment and sustainability in the management of critical natural resources: The Agroforestry Tree Seed Association of LantapanKoffa, Samuel; Garrity, Dennis P. (Los Baños, Philippines: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, 2001)The strategy that was implemented involved continuous interaction between researchers and farmers during the identification, testing and extension of agroforestry technologies. This enabled us to establish a strong partnership with farmer partners, understand their practices and find ways to improve and enhance such practices. Our strategy also included assisting a grassroots organization through capacity building to support the projects research and extension activities and build a
- Growth response of six tropical tree species to fertilizer and fertilization methods on sites of varying altitudinal gradients in LantapanKoffa, Samuel; Garrity, Dennis P.; Nguigi, M. (Bukidnon, Philippines: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, 2000)Seedlings of Albizia lebbekoides, Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus torilliana, Gmelina arborea, Pterocarpus indicus, and Swientenia macrophylla were fertilized, outplanted and maintained on 3 sites of varying altitudes (470 masl, 780 masl, 1330masl) on-farm in upland villages for 21 months. Side-dressing and controlled release served as fertilizer treatments.Statistically significant differences in the measured traits, plant height and diameter, were noted between fertilized and non-fertilized plots of E. robusta, G. arborea and S.macrophylla. No significant differences were observed of fertilized and non-fertilized plots of A. lebbekoides, E. torilliana and P indicus on one hand, and between the fertilization methods on the other. Altitude, a major topographic factor, influenced plant response to fertilizer by its effect on soil temperature and the chemical and physical proprieties of soil. Temperature and quantities of Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus and Potassium decreased with increased altitude, while organic carbon and organic matter increased. Other factors which affected plant response to fertilization were the age of growth and
- Innovations in participatory watershed resource management to conserve tropical biodiveristyGarrity, Dennis P.; Amoroso, V.; Koffa, Samuel; Catacutan, Delia C. (Los Baños, Philippines: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, 2001)This paper reviews the experience of the Biodiversity Consortium at the Philippine site in conducting research to develop tools and approaches to improve biodiversity conservation with the active involvement of the communities that live near the Mt. Kitanglad Range Nature Park. The following section discusses the global setting of Integrated Conservation Development Projects (ICDP) , highlights some of the key lessons learned so far, and proposes a theoretical framework. The subsequent sections review the SANREM experience in developing methods for achieving conservation with development in the Manupali watershed. The conclusion summarizes the progress observed and remaining limitations. It discusses future directions for integrated conservation-development in this location, and more.
- Integrated natural resources management on the poverty-protection interface in an Asian watershedGarrity, Dennis P.; Amoroso, V.; Koffa, Samuel; Catacutan, Delia C.; Buenavista, Gladys; Fay, P.; Dar, W. (2001)There are serious methodological and policy hurdles to be overcome in effective integrated natural resource management that alleviated poverty while protecting environmental services in tropical watershed. We review the development of an approach to integrate biodiversity conservation and agroforestry development through the active involvement of communities and their local governments. The work focused on the Kitangaland Range Nature Park in the upper reaches of the Manuplai watershed in central Mindanao, Philippines. Agroforestry innovations were developed to suit the biophysical and socio-economic conditions off the buffer zone, including practices for tree farming and conservation farming with annual crops. Institutional innovations improved resource management, resulting in an effective social contract to protect the natural biodiversity of the Park. Natural vegetative contour strips were installed on several hundred sloping farms. Stream corridor vegetation was restored by the local Landcare groups. The practices decreased soil erosion and runoff, while the buffer strips increased maize yields by an average of 0.5 t/ha on hill slope farms. Fruit and timber tree production dramatically increased, re-establishing tree cover in the buffer zone. The scientific knowledge base guided the development and implementation of a natural resource management plan for the Municipality of Lantapan. A dynamic grassroots movement of farmer-led Landcare groups evolved in the villages near the park boundary. It has had significant impact on natural resource conservation in both the natural and managed ecosystem. Encroachment in the natural park has been rescued 95% in the past four years. This integrated approach has been recognized as a national model for local natural resource management planning and watershed management in the Philippines. Currently, the collaborating institutions are evolving a negotiation support system to resolve the interactions between the three management domains: The park: the ancestral domain claim, and the municipalities. The consortium that evolved this integrated systems approach operated effectively with highly constrained funding, suggesting that commitment and impact may best be stimulated by a drip-feed approach rather than by large, externally funded efforts.
- The Landcare Approach: Enhancing community participation in sustainable agriculture and natural resource management in the uplandsMercado, Agustin R. Jr.; Garrity, Dennis P. (Watkinsville, Ga.: SANREM CRSP, 2000)Three factors are increasingly fundamental to successful natural resource management in the uplands. First, there is a need for improved land husbandry practices that enable farmers to sustain food production on sloping lands. Such practices would help farmers change gradually from a monoculture system to mixed tree, crop and/or livestock-based systems that provide increased income and environmental protection. Second, there must be real and effective participation by the rural population, through their own local institutions, in the decisions that impinge upon their livelihoods. Third, there must be an effective partnership among service providers and stakeholders. This paper describes the evolution of Landcare, a farmer-led movement in the Philippines that has emerged as an approach to successful natural resource management in the uplands.
- The Landcare experience in the Philippines: Technical and institutional innovations for conservation farmingMercado, Agustin R. Jr.; Patindol, M.; Garrity, Dennis P. (London, UK: Carfax Publishing, 2001)The authors used a participatory approach in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, to develop agroforestry practices and institutions for conservation farming that will ensure food security, alleviate poverty, and protect the environment. One of these methods is contour strip farming that allows natural vegetation to regrow in strips and slows soil erosion. The Landcare movement is farmer led and promotes the sharing of knowledge about sustainable and profitable agriculture in the Philippines.
- Landcare on the poverty-protection interface in an Asian watershedGarrity, Dennis P.; Amoroso, V.; Koffa, Samuel; Catacutan, Delia C.; Buenavista, Gladys; Fay, C.; Dar, W. (Waterloo, Ont.: Resilience Alliance Publications, 2002)This paper presents an integrated approach to natural resource management (INRM) that addresses both conservation of biodiversity and development to increase incomes and well-being in impoverished, fragile regions. The new approach suggested by the authors focuses on grass-roots movements to increase sustainable development. In the case study region, which is situated in the buffer zone of the Kitanglad Range Natural Park in the Manupali watershed, central Mindanao, the Philippines, there was successful widespread implementation of tree farming and conservation farming agroforestry techniques. The growth of fruit tree and timber farming increased tree cover in the buffer zone, and the use of buffer strips both decreased soil erosion and runoff and increased crop productivity. Local farmer-led Landcare groups helped to enhance conservation, restoring stream-corridor vegetation and contributing significantly to the 95% decrease of encroachment in the national park over three years. To resolve the overlapping, sometimes conflicting, management roles of the park, the ancestral domain claims of the indigenous people, and the local governments, the involved institutions are now developing a negotiation support system. The INRM applied to this region can serve as a national model for sustainable local natural resource and watershed management. The success of this approach, which worked with a very limited budget, suggests that projects based on high local commitment and involvement with "drip-feed" funding are preferable to large projects with generous external funding.
- Local organizations in natural resources management in the uplands of southeast AsiaScherr, Sara J.; Amornsanguansin, Jintana; Chiong-Javier, Elena; Garrity, Dennis P.; Sunito, Satyawan; Saharudding (2001)Globally, a new paradigm is emerging of participatory management of upland watershed resources, but the architecture for successful, decentralized watershed governance is still in flux. In 2000, a collaborative study was begun to compare experiences of local organizations (LOs) for natural resource management (NRM) in the uplands of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand to help these organizations and supporting institutions to identify problems, opportunities and strategies for more effective action. The first phase of the study examined the policy context and institutional landscape for locally led NRM in the uplands, using secondary data, key informants and site visits in the three countries. Organizational histories and descriptions were collected for 21 diverse examples of LOs (each comprising from 1 to hundreds of community groups), 28 associations of LOs as well as several dozen NGOs and government programs supporting LOs working in upland NRM.
- Managing Natural Resources Locally: An Overview of Innovations and Ten Initial Steps for Local GovernmentsQueblatin, E.; Catacutan, Delia C.; Garrity, Dennis P. (Bukidnon, Philippines: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Southeast Asian Regional Research Programme: International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2001)This publication reports on the devolution and growth in community-based resource that is taking place in the Philippines. The authors suggest effective, innovative approaches for enabling local governments to manage resources.
- The market and marketing situation for smallholder-produced trees and tree products in Lantapan: A preliminary analysisKoffa, Samuel; Garrity, Dennis P. (2000)An overall demand for a product at a given place and time under specific conditions constitutes a market (FAO 1996). Kohls and Uhl (1980) define marketing as a system of alternative product flows called marketing channels, a variety of firms and numerous business activities. Some of the aspects of markets and marketing about which other excellent papers have been written include pre-sale and marketing procedures (Cruz et al 1993), market development (Francisco and Sumalde 1993, Pabuayom 1993), demand and market potential (Priasukmana and Dwiprabow 1990), market information and price structure (Hammet 1998, Rivera et al 1993) and production and marketing (FA)
- Marketing smallholder-produced agroforestry trees and tree products in LantapanKoffa, Samuel; Garrity, Dennis P. (2000)An objective of participatory tree domestication research and extension initiatives in Lantapan, a municipality of 14 villages in southern Philippines, is to create an environment that would enable small-scale, capital-limited farmers (smallholders) to incorporate trees into their farming systems that are located in the margins of a national park and within the boundaries of a critical watershed. Market-related variables such as declined prices of smallholder-produced timber and other tree products are a potential disincentive in the quest to engender a tree-growing culture among farmers. However, productivity, conservation and the capacity to generate income can be enhanced and sustained by improved marketing systems (Kamara & von Oppen 1999, FAO 1996, Dewees and Sexena 1995). Attempts towards improved living standards for the world s most underprivileged and impoverished group of people, smallholders, will make a positive impact if they facilitate development of efficient marketing systems.
- The preventive systems approach to protected area management: The case of Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park, Bukidnon, PhilippinesCatacutan, Delia C. (2000)This paper discusses two important changes in the paradigm of protected area and watershed management. The first one is on the increasing interest on community-based and locally led institutions whether farmer groups or local government units that form part of a participatory approach for natural resource management. Locally led institutions are deemed to be the key for addressing local issues and problems with some guidance from external agencies. The second change is in the view that protected area and watershed management should not limit its management concerns within their area of jurisdiction, but extend their efforts beyond their territory to link and work with larger communities outside the protected area where serious problems arising from pressures in the park emanate. The relationship of reconciling, complimenting and co-managing the protected area and watersheds through the three management entities and their respective domains is summarized as the "Preventive Systems Approach" or PSA.
- Replicating models of institutional innovations for devolved, participatory watershed managementCatacutan, Delia C.; Duque, Caroline; Garrity, Dennis P. (2001)Watershed management is one the focal issues in the debate about sustainable development. Contemporary innovations in watershed management focus on involving community people in the protection and conservation of these resources, using a variety of participatory approaches. Use of participatory watershed management began in the Philippines after passage of the decentralizing, devolving Local Government Code (LGC) in 1991, which provides the legal framework for local governments to initiate institutional innovations. Although the number of LGUs proactively responding to environmental and resource degradation issues is increasing, the majority remain complacent about their devolved responsibilities in NRM. This led us to search for ways of understanding the methodological and policy hurdles impinging successful watershed management.