dc.contributor.author	Hall, Andrew Brantley	en
dc.contributor.author	Qi, Yumin	en
dc.contributor.author	Timoshevskiy, Vladimir A.	en
dc.contributor.author	Sharakhova, Maria V.	en
dc.contributor.author	Sharakhov, Igor V.	en
dc.contributor.author	Tu, Zhijian Jake	en
dc.contributor.department	Biochemistry	en
dc.contributor.department	Entomology	en
dc.date.accessioned	2017-01-05T23:41:49Z	en
dc.date.available	2017-01-05T23:41:49Z	en
dc.date.issued	2013-04-23	en
dc.description.abstract	Background Y chromosomes are responsible for the initiation of male development, male fertility, and other male-related functions in diverse species. However, Y genes are rarely characterized outside a few model species due to the arduous nature of studying the repeat-rich Y. Results The chromosome quotient (CQ) is a novel approach to systematically discover Y chromosome genes. In the CQ method, genomic DNA from males and females is sequenced independently and aligned to candidate reference sequences. The female to male ratio of the number of alignments to a reference sequence, a parameter called the chromosome quotient (CQ), is used to determine whether the sequence is Y-linked. Using the CQ method, we successfully identified known Y sequences from Homo sapiens and Drosophila melanogaster. The CQ method facilitated the discovery of Y chromosome sequences from the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi and An. gambiae. Comparisons to transcriptome sequence data with blastn led to the discovery of six Anopheles Y genes, three from each species. All six genes are expressed in the early embryo. Two of the three An. stephensi Y genes were recently acquired from the autosomes or the X. Although An. stephensi and An. gambiae belong to the same subgenus, we found no evidence of Y genes shared between the species. Conclusions The CQ method can reliably identify Y chromosome sequences using the ratio of alignments from male and female sequence data. The CQ method is widely applicable to species with fragmented genome assemblies produced from next-generation sequencing data. Analysis of the six Y genes characterized in this study indicates rapid Y chromosome evolution between An. stephensi and An. gambiae. The Anopheles Y genes discovered by the CQ method provide unique markers for population and phylogenetic analysis, and opportunities for novel mosquito control measures through the manipulation of sexual dimorphism and fertility.	en
dc.description.version	Published version	en
dc.format.extent	? - ? (13) page(s)	en
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	en
dc.identifier.citation	BMC Genomics. 2013 Apr 23;14(1):273	en
dc.identifier.doi	https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-273	en
dc.identifier.issn	1471-2164	en
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73975	en
dc.identifier.volume	14	en
dc.language.iso	en	en
dc.publisher	Biomed Central	en
dc.relation.uri	http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000319222500001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=930d57c9ac61a043676db62af60056c1	en
dc.rights	Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International	en
dc.rights.holder	Andrew Brantley Hall et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	en
dc.rights.uri	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/	en
dc.subject	Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology	en
dc.subject	Genetics & Heredity	en
dc.subject	SEX DETERMINATION	en
dc.subject	DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER	en
dc.subject	MALARIA MOSQUITO	en
dc.subject	EVOLUTION	en
dc.subject	IDENTIFICATION	en
dc.subject	CONSERVATION	en
dc.subject	STEPHENSI	en
dc.subject	MAMMALS	en
dc.subject	GAMBIAE	en
dc.subject	ORIGIN	en
dc.title	Six novel Y chromosome genes in Anopheles mosquitoes discovered by independently sequencing males and females	en
dc.title.serial	BMC Genomics	en
dc.type	Article - Refereed	en
dc.type.dcmitype	Text	en
pubs.organisational-group	/Virginia Tech	en
pubs.organisational-group	/Virginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences	en
pubs.organisational-group	/Virginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences/Biochemistry	en
pubs.organisational-group	/Virginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences/CALS T&R Faculty	en
pubs.organisational-group	/Virginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences/Entomology	en
pubs.organisational-group	/Virginia Tech/All T&R Faculty	en
pubs.organisational-group	/Virginia Tech/Faculty of Health Sciences	en

Six novel Y chromosome genes in Anopheles mosquitoes discovered by independently sequencing males and females

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