Scale invariance and dynamic phase transitions in diffusion-limited reactions

Abstract

Many systems that can be described in terms of diffusion-limited ‘chemical’ reactions display non-equilibrium continuous transitions separating active from inactive, absorbing states, where stochastic fluctuations cease entirely. Their critical properties can be analyzed via a path-integral representation of the corresponding classical master equation, and the dynamical renormalization group. An overview over the ensuing universality classes in single-species processes is given, and generalizations to reactions with multiple particle species are discussed as well. The generic case is represented by the processes A ⇀↽ A+A, and A → ∅, which map onto Reggeon field theory with the critical exponents of directed percolation (DP). For branching and annihilating random walks (BARW) A → (m + 1)A and A + A → ∅, the mean-field rate equation predicts an active state only. Yet BARW with odd m display a DP transition for d ≤ 2. For even offspring number m, the particle number parity is conserved locally. Below d’c ≈ 4/3, this leads to the emergence of an inactive phase that is characterized by the power laws of the pair annihilation process. The critical exponents at the transition are those of the ‘parity-conserving’ (PC) universality class. For local processes without memory, competing pair or triplet annihilation and fission reactions kA → (k − l)A, kA → (k + m)A with k = 2, 3 appear to yield the only other universality classes not described by mean-field theory. In these reactions, site occupation number restrictions play a crucial role.